1. Civil Rights Advocates
Late 1800’s – Early 1900’s

2. The Matter of Civil Rights
The Promises of the Civil War Amendments
13th Abolished slavery
14th guaranteed citizenship and equal protection of the laws
15th stated that right to vote could not be denied due to race, color or previous condition of servitude
Reality of life in the late 1800’s
Vote was denied by
poll taxes,
literacy tests,
KKK
Equal treatment denied
Jim Crow laws
de juré segregation (by law)
required legal segregation based on race
Economic opportunities were limited by lack of education
(Plessy v. Ferguson)

3. Booker T. Washington Born a slave Founder of Tuskegee Institute
Believed in Vocational education
Wrote autobiography Up From Slavery
Patient, gradual approach to civil rights
“Prove” equality

4. W.E.B. DuBois Born in North a freeman Well educated (Harvard)
Founder of the Niagara Movement → NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Educate according to ability – all fields and types of education
More direct, less patient, militant approach to civil rights

5. Ida Wells Born to slave parents Teacher/Journalist
One of founding members of NAACP
(National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People)
Anti-lynching campaign, suffragist
“One had better die fighting injustice than die like a dog or a rat in a trap”