1. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois
Two Paths to Ending Jim Crow

2. Civil War Amendments 13th – Ended slavery
14th – Granted citizenship to former slaves
15th – Gave African American men the right to ovte

3. Evolution of Jim Crow Laws
Disenfranchisement of African Americans
Grandfather clauses
Poll tax
Literacy tests
Intimidation and fear

4. Jim Crow Laws: Systematic State-Level Legal Codes of Segregation
Transportation
Schools
Libraries
Drinking fountains
Morgues and Funeral Parlors

5. Plessy v. Ferguson
The Case: Homer Plessy, 1/8th black, was arrested for sitting in the “white car” of a Louisiana train in violation of that state’s “Separate Car Act”
The case was appealed to Supreme Court

6. Supreme Court Ruling (1896)
The Ruling: Separate facilities were lawful as long as they were equal
Only one dissenter, Justice John Harlan, wrote “Our Constitution is color blind.”

7. Plessy v. Ferguson
The result: Legalized Jim Crow segregation until 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education)

8. Two African American Leaders, Two Diverse Backgrounds, Two Sets of Beliefs
Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois

9. Booker T. Washington Born a slave in southwestern Virginia
Believed in vocational education for blacks
Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Believed in gradual equality
Accused of being an “Uncle Tom”
Uncle Tom was the main character in Uncle Tom’s cabin
Term came to mean one who was excessively subservient
Wrote Up From Slavery (1901)

10. Asked whites to give job opportunities to black people
Outlined his views on race at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta – “Atlanta Compromise”
Felt that black people should work to gain economic security before equal rights
Believed black people should “earn” equality by demonstrating their skills
Developed programs for job training and vocational skills at Tuskegee Institute
Asked whites to give job opportunities to black people
Was popular with white leaders in the North and South
But unpopular with other black leaders
Associated with members of the Urban League, which emphasized jobs and training for blacks

11. W.E.B. DuBois Born in 1868 in Massachusetts
First African American to received a Ph.D. from Harvard
Wanted immediate quality between blacks and whites
Wanted classical education for blacks
Wrote The Souls of Black Folk (1903)
Involved in the Niagara Movement, which led to the NAACP

12. Strongly opposed to Washington’s tolerance of segregation
Demanded immediate equality for blacks
Felt it was wrong for citizens to have to “earn their rights”

13. Pharmacy class at Howard University in Washington, D.C.
Pharmaceutical laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, ca REPRODUCTION No.: LC-USZ (b&w film copy neg.)

14. Library at Howard University
Howard University library, about 1890
(Courtesy of Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Archives)

15. Carpentry class at Tuskegee Institute (currently Tuskegee University)
From the collections of the Alabama Department of Archives and History

16. Senior class in Agricultural Education at Tuskegee Institute
From the collections of the Alabama Department of Archives and History