2. “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!” Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By University of Notre Dame Pilots/Navigators Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By University of Notre Dame Pilots/Navigators Crew Resource Management/ Personal Survival

3. Instructor Introduction  NROTC Unit Notre Dame  Naval Flight Officer Training  VP-10  VP-31  Iceland Defense Force  Naval Postgraduate School  VP-26  FASOTRAGRULANT DET Brunswick, ME  USS Enterprise (CVN-65)  NROTC Unit Notre Dame  Naval Flight Officer Training  VP-10  VP-31  Iceland Defense Force  Naval Postgraduate School  VP-26  FASOTRAGRULANT DET Brunswick, ME  USS Enterprise (CVN-65)  NROTC Unit Notre Dame

4. Lesson Plan Objectives  Understand goal of CRM  Know the history of CRM  Understand behaviors that contribute to effective crew resource management  Understand factors that cause general aviation accidents  Possible actions to take when faced with potential survival situation  Understand goal of CRM  Know the history of CRM  Understand behaviors that contribute to effective crew resource management  Understand factors that cause general aviation accidents  Possible actions to take when faced with potential survival situation

5. “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!” Aviation “Sea Story” EFFECTIVE CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

6. Crew Resource Management It takes a group of individuals … … to make a CREW

7. CRM Roadmap  Goal  History  Seven Behaviors  Goal  History  Seven Behaviors

8. What is the goal of CRM ? To improve mission effectiveness by minimizing crew preventable errors, maximizing crew coordination and optimizing and optimizing risk management. To improve mission effectiveness by minimizing crew preventable errors, maximizing crew coordination and optimizing and optimizing risk management.

9. History of CRM  Airlines initiated program to increase crew coordination.  NASA conducted research and made recommendations.  U.S. Navy integrated Aircrew Coordination Training. Naval Aviation Training and Operation ProceduresNaval Aviation Training and Operation Procedures Standardized Flight Procedures Standardized Flight Procedures Academics Academics Simulators Simulators  Airlines initiated program to increase crew coordination.  NASA conducted research and made recommendations.  U.S. Navy integrated Aircrew Coordination Training. Naval Aviation Training and Operation ProceduresNaval Aviation Training and Operation Procedures Standardized Flight Procedures Standardized Flight Procedures Academics Academics Simulators Simulators

10. What are the seven behaviors  D ecision Making  A ssertiveness  M ission Analysis  C ommunication  L eadership  A daptability/ Flexibility  S ituational Awareness

11. Decision Making

12. "Decision making is the ability to use logical and sound judgment to make decisions based on available information " What is Decision Making?

13. Decision Making  Poor judgment / decision making  Leading cause of aviation mishaps  Primary failure to complete missions  Good decisions  Optimize risk management  Minimize errors  Poor decisions  increase errors  Poor judgment / decision making  Leading cause of aviation mishaps  Primary failure to complete missions  Good decisions  Optimize risk management  Minimize errors  Poor decisions  increase errors

14. Decision Making Process  A ssess the problem  V erify information from all sources  I dentify solutions  A nticipate consequences  T ell others decision and rationale  E valuate the decision  A ssess the problem  V erify information from all sources  I dentify solutions  A nticipate consequences  T ell others decision and rationale  E valuate the decision

15. Factors that Promote Good DM  Experience  Extra Time  Alert Crew Members  Decision Strategies  Synergy  Experience  Extra Time  Alert Crew Members  Decision Strategies  Synergy

16. "Synergy is achieved when the total effect of combined action or operation is greater than the sum of the individual effects" ISOLATION TEAM EFFORT SYNERGY Factors that Promote Good DM

17.  Be aware that we are all prone to them  Seek information from multiple sources  Evaluate potential of numerous options  Evaluate how it would sound on CNN  Be aware that we are all prone to them  Seek information from multiple sources  Evaluate potential of numerous options  Evaluate how it would sound on CNN Barriers to Good DM How to Overcome Decision Biases

18. AssertivenessAssertiveness

19. “Assertiveness is o ne’s willingness/readiness to actively participate, state and maintain position until convinced by the facts that other options are really better. What is Assertiveness?

20. Comfort Level Degree to which you feel content with what is happening, while taking into account that flying a mission can be very dangerous and demandingDegree to which you feel content with what is happening, while taking into account that flying a mission can be very dangerous and demanding Whenever comfort level’s exceeded: Whenever comfort level’s exceeded: " SPEAK UP " " SPEAK UP " Degree to which you feel content with what is happening, while taking into account that flying a mission can be very dangerous and demandingDegree to which you feel content with what is happening, while taking into account that flying a mission can be very dangerous and demanding Whenever comfort level’s exceeded: Whenever comfort level’s exceeded: " SPEAK UP " " SPEAK UP "

21. The behavior continuum Passive Assertive Overly Aggressive

22. The behavior continuum Passive-Overly courteousPassive-Overly courteous - Avoids conflicts - Beats around bush - Beats around bush - Along for the ride Passive-Overly courteousPassive-Overly courteous - Avoids conflicts - Beats around bush - Beats around bush - Along for the ride Assertive-Actively involved Assertive-Actively involved - Ready to take action - Ready to take action - Provides useful information - Provides useful information - Makes suggestions - Makes suggestions Overly Aggressive- Dominates situation Overly Aggressive- Dominates situation - Intimidates - Abusive - Hostile

23. Position of authority Experience Rank Lack of confidence Fear of reprisal What are some barriers to assertiveness? Assertiveness Barriers

24. Mission Analysis

25. What is Mission Analysis ? The ability to develop short-term, long-term, and contingency plans, as well as to coordinate, allocate, and monitor crew and aircraft resources.

26. Phases of Mission Analysis Pre-Mission Pre-Mission Inflight Inflight Post-Mission Post-Mission When do we conduct Mission Analysis?

27. CommunicationCommunication

28. What is Communication? Communication is clear and accurate sending & receiving of information, instructions, or commands, and providing useful ”feedback” Communication is clear and accurate sending & receiving of information, instructions, or commands, and providing useful ”feedback”

29. What are the two modes of communication?  Verbal  ICS  Radio communication  Non Verbal  Any time gestures can be visually observed  Examples???  Verbal  ICS  Radio communication  Non Verbal  Any time gestures can be visually observed  Examples???

30. Process of Communication Message Conveys information to others Sender Takes in information and provides feedback Receiver Feedback

31. Noise Negative commands (don't go left) Radio static/interference External radio communication ICS broken and unreadable Poor language skills Poor communication skills Non-standard terminology Rank or experience inequality Non-relevant communication Task fixation Task overload/ underload Distractions Personality conflicts Noise Negative commands (don't go left) Radio static/interference External radio communication ICS broken and unreadable Poor language skills Poor communication skills Non-standard terminology Rank or experience inequality Non-relevant communication Task fixation Task overload/ underload Distractions Personality conflicts What are some barriers to communication?

32. Use active listening Use appropriate mode Use standard terminology Require feedback Techniques for overcoming barriers

33. LeadershipLeadership

34. What is Leadership ? Leadership is the ability to direct and coordinate the activities of crew members and to encourage the crew to work together as a team.

35. Traits of a Good Leader Directs, coordinates, and delegates duties Directs, coordinates, and delegates duties Leads by example Leads by example Has knowledge how to accomplish mission Has knowledge how to accomplish mission Fosters superior information flow Fosters superior information flow Gives timely feedback in effective manner Gives timely feedback in effective manner Maintains a professional atmosphere Maintains a professional atmosphere Keeps crew constantly informed Keeps crew constantly informed Minimizes assumptions and confusion Minimizes assumptions and confusion Directs, coordinates, and delegates duties Directs, coordinates, and delegates duties Leads by example Leads by example Has knowledge how to accomplish mission Has knowledge how to accomplish mission Fosters superior information flow Fosters superior information flow Gives timely feedback in effective manner Gives timely feedback in effective manner Maintains a professional atmosphere Maintains a professional atmosphere Keeps crew constantly informed Keeps crew constantly informed Minimizes assumptions and confusion Minimizes assumptions and confusion

36. Traits of a Good Follower Accomplishes task to accepted standard Accomplishes task to accepted standard Maintains the necessary knowledge level Maintains the necessary knowledge level Provides input, suggestions & feedback without prompting Provides input, suggestions & feedback without prompting Keeps leader informed Keeps leader informed Actively participates Actively participates Helps maintain a positive & professional team atmosphere Helps maintain a positive & professional team atmosphere Accomplishes task to accepted standard Accomplishes task to accepted standard Maintains the necessary knowledge level Maintains the necessary knowledge level Provides input, suggestions & feedback without prompting Provides input, suggestions & feedback without prompting Keeps leader informed Keeps leader informed Actively participates Actively participates Helps maintain a positive & professional team atmosphere Helps maintain a positive & professional team atmosphere

37. Adaptability / Flexibility

38. What is Adaptability/Flexibility? Ability to alter course of action when new information becomes available.

39. Situations requiring quick adaptation  Un-briefed situations  Emergency  Transition occurs  Incapacitated crewmember  Interactions become strained  Un-briefed situations  Emergency  Transition occurs  Incapacitated crewmember  Interactions become strained

40. Maintaining adaptability/flexibility?  Anticipate problems  Recognize and acknowledge changes  Determine appropriate response  Offer alternative solutions  Provide and ask for assistance  Interact constructively with others  Anticipate problems  Recognize and acknowledge changes  Determine appropriate response  Offer alternative solutions  Provide and ask for assistance  Interact constructively with others

41. Encouraging adaptability/flexibility?  Establish open, positive, and professional atmosphere  Ensure crew understands mission  Establish open, positive, and professional atmosphere  Ensure crew understands mission

42. Situational Awareness

43. What is Situational Awareness? “The Crystal Ball” The degree of accuracy by which one’s perception of the current environment mirrors reality

44. Three steps of Situational Awareness 1. Perception 2. Comprehension 3. Projection 1. Perception 2. Comprehension 3. Projection

45. An example using the 3 steps of SA Perception: We need to get updated weather for our destination. Perception: We need to get updated weather for our destination. Comprehension: The weather for our destination is below minimums. Projection: If the weather is below minimums for our destination, then we may need to proceed to our alternate.

46. Factors which reduce SA  Fatigue  Stress  Lack of communication  Task overload  Task underload  Group mindset  Press On Philosophy  Fatigue  Stress  Lack of communication  Task overload  Task underload  Group mindset  Press On Philosophy  Attitude  Habits  Assumptions  Biases  Distractions  Emergencies  Weather

47. How to maintain good SA?  Provide information in advance  Identify potential problems  Verbalize a course of action  Detect and discuss deviations  Demonstrate an ongoing awareness through good communication  Provide information in advance  Identify potential problems  Verbalize a course of action  Detect and discuss deviations  Demonstrate an ongoing awareness through good communication

48. CRM Summary  Decision Making  Assertiveness  Mission Analysis  Communication  Leadership  Adaptability / Flexibility  Situational Awareness  Decision Making  Assertiveness  Mission Analysis  Communication  Leadership  Adaptability / Flexibility  Situational Awareness

49. Crew Resource Management A “Finely Tuned” Crew … … functions as “ONE”

50. Personal Survival Roadmap  Causes of Aviation Accidents  Survival Situation Priorities  Psychology of Survival  Search and Rescue  Survival Kits  Causes of Aviation Accidents  Survival Situation Priorities  Psychology of Survival  Search and Rescue  Survival Kits

51. Causes of Aviation Accidents  Inadequate preflight preparation / planning  Failure to obtain / maintain flying speed  Failure to maintain directional control  Improper level-off during landing flare  Failure to see and avoid obstructions  Mismanagement of fuel  Improper in-flight decisions or planning  Mis-judgement of distance and speed  Selection of unsuitable terrain for landing  Improper operation of flight controls  Inadequate preflight preparation / planning  Failure to obtain / maintain flying speed  Failure to maintain directional control  Improper level-off during landing flare  Failure to see and avoid obstructions  Mismanagement of fuel  Improper in-flight decisions or planning  Mis-judgement of distance and speed  Selection of unsuitable terrain for landing  Improper operation of flight controls

52. Causes of Aviation Accidents

53. When Faced With Survival Situation Priorities Should Be  Medical Care  Shelter and Fire  Signaling  Sustenance  Water  Food Priorities Should Be  Medical Care  Shelter and Fire  Signaling  Sustenance  Water  Food

54. Psychology of Survival Survival is  Survival is  5% physical stress  95% mental stress  Worst enemies  Boredom  Loneliness  Bottom line: Occupy your mind!!!  Maintain the WILL TO SURVIVE!!! Survival is  Survival is  5% physical stress  95% mental stress  Worst enemies  Boredom  Loneliness  Bottom line: Occupy your mind!!!  Maintain the WILL TO SURVIVE!!!

55. Search And Rescue  Statistics: Most downed aircraft are located within 72 hours of crash (3 days/nights)  Stay with the aircraft??  Physical Condition of Survivors  Food / Water Sources  Availability of Shelter  Possibilities of Rescue  Statistics: Most downed aircraft are located within 72 hours of crash (3 days/nights)  Stay with the aircraft??  Physical Condition of Survivors  Food / Water Sources  Availability of Shelter  Possibilities of Rescue

56. Survival Kits  Required for Pilot to ensure availability  Certain items required in different areas  Over Water  Over Land  Desert  Jungle  Required for Pilot to ensure availability  Certain items required in different areas  Over Water  Over Land  Desert  Jungle

57. Survival Kits (Continued)  Necessary Survival Kit Items  Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)  Shelter (Tarp or Tent)  Blankets  Fire Starter  Medical Kit  Signaling Device  Food / Water  Other optional items  Necessary Survival Kit Items  Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)  Shelter (Tarp or Tent)  Blankets  Fire Starter  Medical Kit  Signaling Device  Food / Water  Other optional items

58. Importance of Water  Can survive 28 days without food  Can only survive 2 days without water  Human body needs 64 oz per day  Methods of procurement  Dew  Rain  Filtered Puddles  Melted Snow  Solar Still  Can survive 28 days without food  Can only survive 2 days without water  Human body needs 64 oz per day  Methods of procurement  Dew  Rain  Filtered Puddles  Melted Snow  Solar Still

59. Personal Survival A “Well Prepared” Crew … THE END … can survive “any” situation “together”

60. Questions?