1. Reinventing Transit A European Perspective David Bayliss

2. Scope of Presentation Context The Policy Environment Urban Form and Planning Organisation and Financing Systems, Services and Interchange Fares, Ticketing and Marketing Conclusions

3. Context – System Provision MODEUSAEUROPE Motorways/10 6 325kms130kms Roads/10 6 23,9009,400 Pass. rail/10 6 140kms410kms Urban rail/10 6 7kms18kms Public buses/10 6 5001,360

4. Context – System Use MODEUSAEUROPE Automobile22,500 kms/cap10,100kms/cap Bus/Coach860kms/cap1,100kms/cap Heavy rail80kms/cap770kms/cap Urban Rail80kms/cap135kms/cap All26,700kms/cap13,200kms/cap

6. Pub Trans Trends in the EU

7. Pub Trans Trends in the USA

8. Urban Form European cities are generally denser European cities better established pre auto European cities have less road space European cities are more centralised European inner cities are more vibrant European cities more focussed on transit

10. Policy and Planning Auto restrictive polices accepted in EU Urban containment widely practiced Auto ownership and use taxes higher in EU More priority given to transit Coordinated transit organisations Transit planning linked to general planning

11. London Parking Standards AREAMAX PROVISION OF ONE PARKING SPACE PER CENTRAL1,000 – 1,500 m 2 INNER600 – 1,000 m 2 OUTER300 – 600 m 2

13. Fuel Prices – USA and EU

14. Car Ownership Higher in the US Mass ownership earlier 350/cap in 1960 (US) 250/cap in Canada 100/cap in EU

16. Effects of Pedestrianisation

17. Organisation & Financing Tradition of public funding in Europe Higher cost recovery ratios Systematic approach to development Some hypothecation (e.g. VT in Paris) Growing separation of planning and ops. Development of innovative financing

18. Bus Liberalisation in GB Changes 1985/86 – 1999/00 LONDONOTHER METS Costs-39%-45% Services+31%+19% Ridership+13%-42% Subsidy-80%-66%

19. Private Funding – Croydon Trams Planned by LT LT secured powers Worked up with private partners Subject to competitive bid Design, build, finance & operate concession Capital £280m Public share £200m Pri. Share £80m Concessionaire operates without revenue grant or guarantees

20. Service Provision Annual vehicle-hours/capita

22. Services - Buses EU services expanded by 15% since 1980 Modern accessible vehicles now common Extensive priorities on congested roads Bus stop quality and protection Real time passenger information systems Convenient ticketing Higher operating speeds than US buses

23. Bus Priorities Bus Lanes Priority turns and bus gates BUSCOOT Signal pre-emption Bus boarders Transit malls Exclusive busways (guided & unguided)

24. Bus lanes in Geneva

25. Bus Quality Corridors High quality vehicles/well trained staff Frequent service/network ticketing Extensive traffic priorities Enforcement of traffic regulations Good quality stops/shelters/local lighting Real time passenger information Ridership up between 10% and 40%

27. Services – Light Rail Renaissance since mid 1980s 16 new systems built 6 more being built Modern accessible vehicles Usually built as core of integrated system Supported by park and ride Generally well used (DLR – 35m p.a.)

28. Services – Urban Rail Europe well provided with metros EU 26, USA 14 & Canada 3 systems EU urban rail use 2x USA + Canada EU has extensive commuter operations EU urban rail systems are well integrated Development and rail systems well related

29. Rail Links to Airports REGIONEXISTINGPLANNED Europe4049 N America1432 Asia722 Africa16 Total62116

30. Improved Interchange Interchange is a necessary evil No fare penalty or rebooking Sheltered & secure accommodation Real time passenger information Minimise walk distances & level changes Minimize delays by careful scheduling Add value where possible

31. Fares and Ticketing Required Features: Pre-payment Multi-modal Comprehensible Easy to use Reward loyalty Provide management information

32. Travelcards in London Increased ridership by a quarter Increased receipts by 10% Reduced fraud by over a half Saved ticketing costs & reduced queuing Reduced car use by 1% overall Total benefits of £500m p.a. Underpinned service improvements

33. Smarter Marketing Traditional marketing addresses existing markets Individualised marketing can develop new Focuses on journeys that could use transit Contacts individuals Provides information Provides incentives

34. Conclusions Europe has several characteristics which favour transit General planning and public policies are sympathetic to transit Unrealistic to expect transit usage in the US to match that in Europe But there are some European practices that are worth considering

35. Conclusions - 2 Interesting innovations in Europe: Auto use and management policies Service procurement Innovative financing of transit projects Transit priorities Bus quality corridors

36. Conclusions - 3 Interesting innovations in Europe: Individualised marketing Exploitation of new market opportunities Light rail development Creation of quality interchange places Fares and ticketing initiatives

37. The End Thank you for your attention