1. DEMOCRACY

2. “Government of the people, by the people, for the people” -Abraham Lincoln

3. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT MonarchyGovernment by a single ruler (king/queen, emperor) TheocracyGovernment by God; religious law Totalitarian Regime Government on the basis of an ideology Military Dictatorship Government by people who have seized power by force. Partial freedoms may be given, as long as power and rule is not threatened.

4. DEMOCRACY Constitution guarantees basic personal and political rights, Representation of the people through the electoral process Separation of: 1.Government (Executive) 2.Parliament (Legislative) 3.Courts of Law (Judiciary) www.democracy-building.info

5. “No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said the democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.” - Winston Churchill

6. STATE Antonio Gramsci: The State rules by FORCE (Political Society) AND CONSENSUS (Civil Society) Political Society: police and law enforcement agencies, army, legal system, etc. Civil Society: education system, family system, trade unions, human rights activism, culture, etc.

7. STATE Michel Foucault: State is a Governing body Governance of the Individual: individuals are able to govern themselves, and therefore their ‘self-governance’ needs to be regulated Governance of economy, education, health systems and policies, laws, etc.

8. NATION STATE AND NATIONALISM Benedict Anderson: Nations are Imagined Communities Borders and limitations Sovereignty and independence State can demand sacrifice of life from its citizens

9. CITIZEN What / Who qualifies as a Citizen? Neutral category – not belonging to tradition, religion, etc. Narrow definition: need to broaden the definition to give equal rights and freedoms to others