1. Ocean and Wave Power Adam Henry Wesley Chicago Kent College of Law awesley@kentlaw.edu ahwesley@comcast.net May, 2007

2. Ocean and Wave Power Why Ocean and Wave Power? Why Ocean and Wave Power? Technological Feasibility Technological Feasibility Cost competitiveness (measured against fossil fuels) Cost competitiveness (measured against fossil fuels)

3. Advantages of Offshore Ocean Wave Power Clean renewable source of energy Clean renewable source of energy Nearly unlimited Nearly unlimited More Predictable than wind and sun More Predictable than wind and sun Little environmental impact Little environmental impact Not visible from shore Not visible from shore Proximity to markets needing electricity Proximity to markets needing electricity

4. World Coastal Population 50% of the world's population currently live within sixty kilometers of the coast 50% of the world's population currently live within sixty kilometers of the coast By 2008, the world population will exceed 6.7 billion people By 2008, the world population will exceed 6.7 billion people 3.4 billion living on coast 3.4 billion living on coast

5. Potential World-Wide Wave Energy IEA (International Energy Agency) estimates that wave energy can supply between 10 and 50% of world demand IEA (International Energy Agency) estimates that wave energy can supply between 10 and 50% of world demand World demand of 15,000 TWh World demand of 15,000 TWh

6. World Energy Council Estimates 2 terawatts of clean and accessible ocean energy 2 terawatts of clean and accessible ocean energy Equivalent to twice the world’s current electricity generation Equivalent to twice the world’s current electricity generation

7. World Energy Council 2001 Survey estimates 2 TW of exploitable wave power worldwide 2 TW of exploitable wave power worldwide 50% of the total European power consumption could be generated from European coastal waters 50% of the total European power consumption could be generated from European coastal waters

8. Independent market assessment of wave energy economic contribution to electricity market Estimated 2,000 TWh/year Estimated 2,000 TWh/year 10% of world electricity consumption 10% of world electricity consumption Equal to current world-wide large scale hydroelectric projects Equal to current world-wide large scale hydroelectric projects

10. U.S. Coastal Population Trends 17% of U.S. land is home to more than half of the nation's population. 17% of U.S. land is home to more than half of the nation's population. 53 % of U.S population, (153 million people) lived on the U.S. coast. In 2003 A 28% increase ( A 28% increase (33 million people) since 1980.

11. U.S. Coastal Population Trends in 2003, 23 of the 25 most densely populated counties were coastal in 2003, 23 of the 25 most densely populated counties were coastal By the year 2008, coastal county population is expected to increase by approximately 7 million By the year 2008, coastal county population is expected to increase by approximately 7 million

12. U.S Coastal Estimates 2,300 Terawatt-hours per year or; 2,300 Terawatt-hours per year or; $80.5 billion annually $80.5 billion annually

13. California Energy Commission Estimates California’s 1,100-mile coastline could generate: California’s 1,100-mile coastline could generate: – seven to 17 megawatts a mile, –enough power per mile to serve 13,000 homes Several hundred square miles off the California coast could supply all the homes in the state. Several hundred square miles off the California coast could supply all the homes in the state.

14. Technological Maturity Systems past proof of concept, deployed, and grid connected Systems past proof of concept, deployed, and grid connected –AquaBuOY –Archimedes Wave Swing –Pelamis –Wave Dragon

15. Proving Grounds European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney Established to commercialize marine energy Established to commercialize marine energy National Grid Connection National Grid Connection –Wave and tidal energy converters are connected via seabed cables running from open-water test berths

16. Based at Stromness in Orkney

17. AquaBuOY

18. Finavera Renewables CEO outlines ‘huge potential’ of ocean wave energy in address to United States Congressional Committee “My message to you today is simple: Ocean renewable energy’s time has come. This is not pie in the sky. We have three wave energy projects under development in California, Oregon, and Washington, and we are in discussions about others. These are not just paper projects. We are literally weeks away from issuing contracts that will put US steelworkers to work constructing our prototype wave energy buoy, which we are going to install off the coast of Newport, Oregon this summer.”

19. Finavera Renewables AquaBuOY 1MW pilot plant in Makah Bay, Washington State, USA 100MW staged power project in Portugal 20MW staged project in South Africa Pilot project in BC, Canada

20. U.S. Projects Finavera Renewables Makah Bay, Washington State Finavera Renewables Makah Bay, Washington State 1 MW demonstration plant. 1 MW demonstration plant. 1500 MWh/year expected generation 1500 MWh/year expected generation Powering 150 homes a year Powering 150 homes a year

21. Archimedes Wave Swing or “AWS” AWS Ocean Energy

22. Device Specifications Each AWS: Each AWS: –800 ton 39 x 98 foot cylinder –tethered to the seabed by cables 20 feet below the surface of the sea

23. How it works The AWS wave energy converter is a cylinder shaped buoy The AWS wave energy converter is a cylinder shaped buoy Moored to the seabed Moored to the seabed Passing waves move an air-filled upper casing against a lower fixed cylinder Passing waves move an air-filled upper casing against a lower fixed cylinder The up and down movement converted into electricity The up and down movement converted into electricity

24. wave power station wave power station

25. Utility Scale Power Generation? Continuous average output of up to 1MW in a rough sea (Northern Atlantic) Continuous average output of up to 1MW in a rough sea (Northern Atlantic) Power output similar to one large wind turbine Power output similar to one large wind turbine A 50MW farm will occupy 3 nautical miles long by 2 cables wide. Enough electricity for 25,000 homes.

26. Utility Level Power Each AWS unit is currently rated at 1.2 Megawatts Each AWS unit is currently rated at 1.2 Megawatts Power approximately 2,000 households Power approximately 2,000 households 50 AWS units would produce utility scale power in a small footprint 50 AWS units would produce utility scale power in a small footprint 1/3 the area required by current wind and solar 1/3 the area required by current wind and solar

27. Utility Scale Power AWS plans to create a 100-machine wave park at a cost of £250 million AWS plans to create a 100-machine wave park at a cost of £250 million Power production should exceed 100 MW Power production should exceed 100 MW

28. How long before utility scale deployment? First AWS machine will be installed in Orkney in 2007 First mini wave farm of Scottish waters by 2010 Expanding within 12 months to 20 units

29. Requirements for a wave farm Exposure to ocean swells, Exposure to ocean swells, Water depth of 80-90m Water depth of 80-90m Near commercial shipping lanes Near commercial shipping lanes Industrial port within 12 sailing hours Industrial port within 12 sailing hours Sea-bed where power cables can be laid to shore Sea-bed where power cables can be laid to shore

30. Advantages Not visible (sub surface) Not visible (sub surface) Durability (one moving part) Durability (one moving part) No or minimal environmental damage No or minimal environmental damage Scalability (limited only by suitable conditions) Scalability (limited only by suitable conditions)

31. Advantages Units can be installed in close proximity land to reduce: Units can be installed in close proximity land to reduce: – the cost of installation, –maintenance and –power loss in the underwater cable to grid

32. Pelamis Wave Generator Power System (Ocean Power Delivery)

35. Ocean Power Delivery (Pelamis) Pelamis has a similar output to a modern wind turbine Pelamis has a similar output to a modern wind turbine Full-scale prototype is operational Full-scale prototype is operational Tested at the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney. Tested at the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney. A typical 30MW installation would occupy a square kilometer of ocean and provide sufficient electricity for 20,000 homes A typical 30MW installation would occupy a square kilometer of ocean and provide sufficient electricity for 20,000 homes Twenty farms could power a city such as Edinburgh Twenty farms could power a city such as Edinburgh

36. Large Pelamis Projects World's biggest commercial wave project (Coast of Scotland) World's biggest commercial wave project (Coast of Scotland) Four Pelamis machines Four Pelamis machines Deployment next 12 months. Deployment next 12 months.

37. Utility Scale Power? The Orkney wave farm will generate three megawatts of electricity The Orkney wave farm will generate three megawatts of electricity Will power about 3,000 homes Will power about 3,000 homes

38. Pelamis Offshore Wave Energy in Portugal 28 wave power devices will be installed in Portugal within a year 28 wave power devices will be installed in Portugal within a year Generating 22.5 megawatts of electricity Generating 22.5 megawatts of electricity The project is supported by state run power company Energias de Portugal. The project is supported by state run power company Energias de Portugal.Energias de PortugalEnergias de Portugal

39. Competitive Price Requirements (wave power level of 15 kw per meter)

40. Ocean Power Technologies PowerBuoy® systems

41. How it works The PowerBuoy is based on modular, ocean-going buoys The PowerBuoy™ is mounted on the sea bottom using anchoring system Ocean tested for nearly a decade.

42. Completed Testing PowerBuoy™ in operation in Hawaii PowerBuoy™ in operation in Hawaii PowerBuoy™ off the coast of New Jersey PowerBuoy™ off the coast of New Jersey

43. U.S. Deployment U.S. Deployment Wave Park Douglas County Reedsport, Oregon – –As part of the initial program, OPT expects to install its ocean-tested PowerBuoy® systems initially generating a total of 2 MW – –2.5 miles off the coast at a depth of 50 meters – –Preliminary permit by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for up to 50 MW system

44. Utility Scale Deployment Petitioning the state of New Jersey for permission to install a 100 MW PowerBuoy™ plant off the coast of Atlantic City, New Jersey Petitioning the state of New Jersey for permission to install a 100 MW PowerBuoy™ plant off the coast of Atlantic City, New Jersey

45. Ocean Wave Generating Costs The total operating cost of generating power from an OPT wave power station including maintenance and operating expenses, as well as the amortized capital cost of the equipment: The total operating cost of generating power from an OPT wave power station including maintenance and operating expenses, as well as the amortized capital cost of the equipment: projected (US) 3-4¢/ kWh for 100MW projected (US) 3-4¢/ kWh for 100MW (US) 7-10¢/kWh for 1MW plants,. (US) 7-10¢/kWh for 1MW plants,.

46. Funding Large government backed utility scale projects coming online Large government backed utility scale projects coming online Portugal Portugal Scotland Scotland UK UK

47. Wave Dragon

48. Operating Principle

49. Wave Dragon Floating, slack-moored energy converter of the overtopping type Floating, slack-moored energy converter of the overtopping type Deployed in a single unit or in arrays Deployed in a single unit or in arrays Power plant capacity comparable to traditional fossil based power plants. Power plant capacity comparable to traditional fossil based power plants.

50. Utility Level Power 4 MW when deployed in a relatively low- energy (24 kW/m) wave climate 4 MW when deployed in a relatively low- energy (24 kW/m) wave climate 7 MW when deployed in a 36 kW/m climate 7 MW when deployed in a 36 kW/m climate

52. Advantages Combines existing, mature offshore and hydro turbine technology in a novel way Combines existing, mature offshore and hydro turbine technology in a novel way Freely up-scaled Freely up-scaled Maintenance can be carried out at sea leading to low O&M cost relatively to other concepts Maintenance can be carried out at sea leading to low O&M cost relatively to other concepts Most tested offshore Wave Energy Converter (WEC) technology in the world Most tested offshore Wave Energy Converter (WEC) technology in the world

53. Deployment The prototype activities has established the necessary knowledge to deploy a full- scale Wave Dragon in 2007 The prototype activities has established the necessary knowledge to deploy a full- scale Wave Dragon in 2007

54. Large Scale Deployments 50 MW wave farm Portugal 50 MW wave farm Portugal Awarded a major R&D contract with the European Commission (Multi-MW Unit) Awarded a major R&D contract with the European Commission (Multi-MW Unit)

55. Economic Viability

56. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) suggests that generation of electricity from wave energy may be economically feasible in the near future Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) suggests that generation of electricity from wave energy may be economically feasible in the near future

57. In 2006 the Carbon Trust issued a report that identified that marine energy could provide a fifth of the UK’s current electricity needs and be cost-competitive with conventional generation

58. The cost of wind energy have fallen by ~80% over the past two decades Opening costs for wave power: – – half wind energy’s opening costs – –a quarter the current cost of solar

59. Government Backing Several countries have either installed or are about to install full-scale prototypes Several countries have either installed or are about to install full-scale prototypes Funds in excess of 70 million euros have been committed to these installations Funds in excess of 70 million euros have been committed to these installations

60. Government Projections The Scottish Executive's Forum for Renewable Energy Development in Scotland (FREDS) Marine Energy Group report: potential for 7000 jobs in marine energy by 2020, 10% of Scotland's electricity being supplied by marine energy supplying more than 100MW per annum to export markets (see:http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business Industry/infrastructure/19185/20368).

61. Compelling arguments for investing in offshore wave energy technology. Environmentally benign ways to generate electricity Environmentally benign ways to generate electricity Little or no (NIMBY) issues that plague many energy infrastructure projects Little or no (NIMBY) issues that plague many energy infrastructure projects –Wave energy devices are generally not visible from shore Wave energy is more predictable than solar and wind energy Wave energy is more predictable than solar and wind energy High power density High power density –(Solar and wind energy is concentrated into ocean waves) –easier and cheaper to harvest

62. Risks and Drawbacks While wave energy is renewable and nonpolluting, it does raise environmental and safety issues. These include: While wave energy is renewable and nonpolluting, it does raise environmental and safety issues. These include: 1. disturbance or destruction of marine life, including changes in the distribution and types of marine life near the shore; 1. disturbance or destruction of marine life, including changes in the distribution and types of marine life near the shore; 2. possible threat to navigation from collisions due to the low profile of the wave energy devices above the water, making them undetectable either by direct sighting or by radar; 2. possible threat to navigation from collisions due to the low profile of the wave energy devices above the water, making them undetectable either by direct sighting or by radar; 3. interference with mooring and anchorage lines with commercial and sport-fishing; and 3. interference with mooring and anchorage lines with commercial and sport-fishing; and 4. degradation of ocean front views by wave energy devices located near or on the shore, and from onshore overhead electric transmission lines. 4. degradation of ocean front views by wave energy devices located near or on the shore, and from onshore overhead electric transmission lines.