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Interpersonal Processes That Contribute to Depression
John Vitkus, Ph.D. Cleveland Clinic Foundation John Vitkus, Ph.D. Cleveland Clinic Foundation
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A Tale of Two Theories The Interpersonal Circle
Sex-Differences in Communication
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Theory 1: Interpersonal Theory and The Interpersonal Circle
1913, George Herbert Mead 1938, Harry Stack Sullivan 1957, Timothy Leary 1974, Lorna Benjamin 1983, Donald Kiesler 2002, G. Scott Acton and William Revelle
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Dimension 1: Affiliation
Hostile Friendly
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Dimension 2: Control Dominant Dominant Submissive
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A Two-Dimensional Model
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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Mapping Behaviors on the Model
order meddle criticize advise scold assist attack reject love withdraw request sulk disclose apologize acquiesce obey
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A Circumplex Arrangement
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The Interpersonal Circumplex
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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Typical Interaction Patterns
Dominant Accusing the partner Offering advice Hostile Friendly Asking for help Justifying oneself Submissive
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The Principle of Complementarity Robert Carson, Any particular behavior tends to elicit a response that is similar in its level of affiliation, but opposite in its level of control.
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The Interpersonal Circle
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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Theory 2: Sex-Differences in Communication
1990, Deborah Tannen: You Just Don’t Understand 1992, John Gray Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus
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For Women: Primary motive for communication:
To establish and maintain relationships. Primary method of communication “rapport talk”
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For Men: Primary motive for communication:
To establish and maintain status. Primary method of communication “report talk”
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Examples of sex-differences
Asking for directions The speed up signal Parenting
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Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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Women conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Affiliation
Hostile Friendly
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Men conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Control
Dominant Submissive
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“You need to watch your cholesterol.”
An example from her: “You need to watch your cholesterol.”
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Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive
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Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Grateful compliance Submissive
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What she expects to hear:
“Thanks. I’ll watch what I eat. I appreciate your concern for my health.”
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A woman sees affiliation . . .
Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive
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But a man sees control . . . Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive
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What she sometimes hears:
“Quit nagging!”
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Dominant Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive
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A man sees control . . . Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive
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But a woman sees rejection . . .
Dominant Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive
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Male Preference for Interpersonal Communication
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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Female Preference for Interpersonal Communication
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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A Healthy Exchange Model of Interpersonal Communication
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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An Insecure Male/Passive Female Pattern
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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An Interpersonal/Sex-Differences Model of Depression
Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive
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