1. Chapter 4 The legal liability of auditors
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

2. Establishing the auditor’s duty
Society imposes a duty to exercise reasonable care and skill in two ways:
Contractual (including statutory) relationship
Special relationship between two parties.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

3. Learning objective 1: Reasonable care and skill
An auditor must exercise the reasonable care and skill expected of a professional.
Requires adherence to professional standards in all aspects of an audit.
‘The professional man owes a duty to exercise that standard of skill and care appropriate to his professional status’ (Caparo, 1990).
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

4. Learning objective 2: Negligence
Negligence can be defined as any conduct that is ‘careless or unintentional in nature and entails a breach of any contractual duty or duty of care in tort owed to another person or persons’.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

5. Claims for Negligence
To be successful in a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must prove that:
Duty was owed to the plaintiff by the defendant (duty of care)
A breach of the duty of care (negligent conduct) occurred
Loss or damage was suffered by the plaintiff
A causal relationship existed between the breach of duty by the defendant and the harm suffered by the plaintiff.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

6. Learning objective 3: Liability to clients
Liability to clients arises both in contract and in the
tort of negligence. Early cases include:
London & General Bank Ltd (1895)
Kingston Cotton Mill (1896)
Thomas Gerrard & Son (1967)
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

7. Liability to clients (cont.): Pacific Acceptance (1970)
Auditors’ duties and responsibilities are to:
Use reasonable care and skill
Check and see for themselves
Audit the whole year
Appropriately supervise and review work of inexperienced staff
Properly document procedures
Rely on satisfactory internal controls
Warn and inform the appropriate level of management
Take further action where suspicion is aroused
Structure plans and procedures so that discovery of material error or fraud is reasonably expected
Be guided by professional standards (but not determinative).
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

8. Liability to clients (cont.): significant cases
Cambridge Credit (1985)
Segenhoe (1990)
Galoo (1994)
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

9. Learning objective 4: Contributory negligence
Exists where the plaintiff fails to exercise the required standard of care, thus contributing to its own loss.
Prior to AWA (1995), such a defence by auditors was unsuccessful. Refer to Pacific Acceptance (1970).
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

10. Contributory negligence: AWA (1995)
AWA: the company suffered losses due to
internal control weaknesses over foreign
exchange.
Auditor liable for failure to report to board of directors.
Company found to contribute to loss by officers failing to report to board of directors and failing to put in place adequate internal control system.
Defence of contributory negligence therefore upheld.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

11. Learning objective 5: Liability to third parties
A number of cases have considered the auditor’s liability in relation to persons other than the immediate client.
It was believed from early cases (e.g. Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)) that the recovery of losses by third parties from auditors for negligence (in the absence of fraud) was not possible.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

12. Liability to third parties (cont.)
Early test: special relationships
A duty is owed to any third party to whom the auditor shows accounts, or to whom the auditor knows the client is going to show accounts, so as to induce some action.
Candler (1951) (per dissenting judgement of Lord Denning)
Hedley Byrne (1963)
MLC v Evatt (1971).
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

13. Liability to third parties (cont.)
Next test: reasonable foresight
A duty is owed to a specific third party of whom the auditor was not aware, but who was part of a class of persons of whom they should have been aware would rely on their audit opinion:
Scott Group (1978)
Shaddock & Associates (1979)
JEB Fasteners (1981)
Twomax (1983).
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

14. Liability to third parties (cont.)
Current test: proximity
Was there a sufficient degree of proximity between the auditor and third party? To answer this question, courts examine whether the report by the auditor was meant to induce the third party to undertake specific actions:
Caparo (1990)
AGC (1992)
Columbia Coffee (1992) (very wide interpretation, later overturned in Esanda)
Esanda (1997).
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

15. Current situation: liability to third parties
A general conclusion is that it would be hard to show that audits on general purpose financial reports were ever intended to induce third parties to undertake a specific course of action. (Auditors would strongly argue that this was never the intention.)
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

16. Privity letters
A privity letter is a letter from the auditor acknowledging a third party’s reliance on an audited report. The third party requests the privity letter from auditor.
Purpose: to establish a relationship with the requisite foreseeability and proximity and thereby establish a duty of care by the auditor to the third party.
AGS 1014 provides guidance.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

17. Liability to third parties: Trade Practices Act
Consideration needs to be given to the provisions of the Commonwealth Trade Practices Act and State Fair Trading Acts:
Acts prohibit misleading and deceptive conduct.
It is possible that, in issuing an inappropriate audit report, an auditor might be guilty of conduct that is misleading or deceptive.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

18. ASIC Act
Under Section 50 of the ASIC Act proceedings for damages to the public interest can be initiated by ASIC.
In 2008 ASIC utilised this power by commencing action against KPMG for $200 million over the collapse of the Westpoint Group.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

19. Criminal liability of auditors
Auditors can be subject to criminal prosecution.
It is an offence under s 1308(2) of the Corporations Act 2001 to knowingly make or authorise false and misleading statements. A penalty of $22,000 and/or five years’ imprisonment exists.
Criminal actions against auditors are rare.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

20. Learning objective 6: Limitation of liability
Prior to CLERP 9, audit firms were required to operate as sole traders or in partnerships
— still the dominant form of organisation for audit firms.
Therefore, auditors are personally liable for damages arising from failure by either themselves or their partners to exercise reasonable skill and care.
Spiralling litigation costs and court-awarded damages.
Professional indemnity insurance is difficult to obtain and prohibitively expensive (claimed to be about 14 per cent of audit revenues).
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

21. Arguments for limiting auditors’ liability
Inability of auditors to restrict the scope of their operations and/or resign.
Inequitable position of the auditing profession compared with other professions and service providers.
Inability of auditors to rely on representations of management.
Auditors carry a heavier burden than other professionals with respect to the amount of damages assessed.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

22. Arguments against limiting auditors’ liability
Auditors should accept full responsibility for their work.
Auditors are only successfully sued when not performing their duties competently.
If there is a limit, the auditor’s share of liability passes on to the public.
A precedent for other professions
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

23. Methods of limiting auditors’ liability
Imposition of a statutory cap on auditors’ liability
Incorporation of auditors
Removal of joint and several liability and replacement with proportionate liability.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

24. Changes to auditor liability
Recent changes to Corporations Act as a result of CLERP 9 allow:
Auditors to incorporate and form authorised audit companies with adequate and appropriate professional indemnity insurance
Apportionment between the plaintiff and defendant according to blame, and proportionate liability if there are two or more defendants.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

25. Learning objective 7: Responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud
Guidance: ASA 240 (ISA 240) for fraud and error
Prevention and deterrence of fraud remains management’s responsibility.
ASA 240 outlines auditor's responsibility, which has significantly increased.
Auditor’s objectives in relation to fraud are:
Identify and assess risks of material misstatements due to fraud
Obtain sufficient appropriate evidence about assessed risks of material misstatement through designing and implementing appropriate responses
Responding appropriately to identified or suspected fraud.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

26. Auditor’s responsibility for the prevention and detection of fraud
ASA 240 indicates that the auditor's responsibility is to:
Focus on areas where there is a risk of material misstatement owing to fraud, including management fraud
Maintain an attitude of professional scepticism
The engagement team is required to discuss how the financial report may be susceptible to material misstatement from fraud and identify what audit procedures would be effective for its detection
Design and perform these audit procedures.
These requirements result in a much more proactive approach toward fraud than required under previous auditing standards.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett

27. Auditor’s responsibility for the reporting of fraud
An auditor has a duty of care to report fraud, irrespective of materiality, to an appropriate level of management when suspicions are aroused.
An auditor may have a mandatory responsibility to report fraud under the Corporations Act or the Crimes Act.
In most cases an auditor is protected by qualified privilege when reporting matters in good faith.
Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 4e by Grant Gay and Roger Simnett
Slides prepared by Roger Simnett