1. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Ch. 12 Energy II: Potential energy

2. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 12-1 Conservative forces( 保守力 ) Potential energy? It is defined only for a certain class of forces called conservative forces. Do spring force, gravitational force, and frictional force et al. belong to conservative forces? Kinetic energy Velocity What are conservative forces?

3. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 1. The spring force Fig 12-1 x 0 0 d d -d (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) o x Relaxed length Fig 11-13 The total work done by the spin force is zero in the process from (a) to (e) (round trip). 0 0

4. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy The total work done by the gravity is zero during the round trip. 2. The force of gravity If the gravitational force is not constant, is there still such behavior of the work? See 动画库 / 力学夹 /2-04 功的计算 举例 (2)

5. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 3. The frictional force The total work done by frictional force is not zero in a round trip. See 动画库 / 力学夹 /2-04 功的计算 举例 (1)

6. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Definition of conservative force: One particle exerted by a force moves around a closed path and returns to its starting point. If the total work done by the force during the round trip is zero, we call the force ‘a conservative force’ ， such as spring force and gravity. If not, the force is a nonconservative one.

7. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Two Mathematical statements: a a b b 1 2 2 1 Fig 12-4 (a) (b) If is a conservative force, we have: (12-1) Path1 Path2 Statement 1 Path1 Path2 (12-3) Statement 2 Path1 Path2

8. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s third law Note: (1) Both the action and reaction forces belong to the system. (2) The total work done by action and reaction forces is independent of the reference frame chosen (even in non-inertial frame). Prove point (2):

9. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Ｏ z y x m1m1 m2m2 S In S frame: In S’ frame with velocity of relative to S frame:

10. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 12-2 Potential energy 1.Definition When work is done in a system (such as ball and earth) by a conservative force, the configuration of its parts changes, and so the potential energy changes from its initial value to its final value. We define the change in potential energy associated with the conservative force as: (12-4)

11. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 2. The potential energy of gravity For the ball-Earth system, we take upward direction to be y positive direction The physically important quantity is, not or. (12-9) If We set We have (the reference zero point of U is at O) y2y2 y1y1 y mg, dependent on

12. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 3. The potential energy of spring force o x Relaxed length Fig 11-13 When the spring is in its relaxed state, and we can declare the potential energy of the system to be zero ( ) (12-8) The reference zero point of potential is at x=0. 2 1

13. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy i.The physically important quantity is. Not or. Notes: iii.Potential energy belongs to the system (Such as ball-Earth) and not of any of the individual objects within the system. ii.We are free to choose the reference point at any convenient location for the potential energy.

14. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy iv. The inverse of Eq(12-4) allows us to calculate the force from the potential energy (12-7) Eq(12-7) gives us another way of looking at the potential energy: “The potential energy is a function of position whose negative derivative gives the force” Eq(12-4)

15. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy An elevator cab of mass m=920 Kg moves from street level to the top of the World Trade Center in New York, a height of h=412 m above ground. What is the change in the gravitational potential energy of the cab-Earth system? Sample problem 12-1

16. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 12-3 Conservative of mechanical energy From the definition of potential energy, we have: (12-14) (12-15) Mechanical energy When can Eq. (12- 15) be satisfied? is a conservative force

17. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Eq(12-15) is the mathematical statement of the law of conservation of mechanical energy: “In a system in which only conservative forces do work, the total mechanical energy of the system remains constant.” Such as the systems of: Ball-Earth system; Block-spring system on frictionless table.

18. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy How to write the formula of conservation of mechanical energy for: Ball-Earth system / m+M system (M>>m) ? No other forces exerted in the system. m and v are the mass and speed for Ball, respectively. M and V are the mass and speed for Earth, respectively. or Which one is correct or both correct? (1)If of M is zero, M is an inertial frame. Take M as our reference frame. Two eqs. are equivalent. (2) If of M is not zero, CM of the system is an inertial frame. Since M>>m, the position of CM is very near M. In CM frame, V~0, R~0. So two eqs. are equivalent.

19. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Sample problem 12-5 Using conservation of mechanical energy, analyze the Atwood’s machine (sample problem 5-5) to find v and a of the blocks after they have moved a distance y from rest. Solution: We take the two blocks plus the Earth as our system. For simplicity, we assume that both o y

20. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy blocks start from rest at the same level, which we define as y=0, the reference point for gravitational potential energy. Thus Solving for the speed v, we obtain

21. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy When the climber goes down, she must transfer potential energy to other kinds of energy, such as thermal energy.

22. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 12-4 Energy conservation in rotational motion We still restrict our analysis to the case in which the rotational axis remains in the same direction in space as the object moves. Fig 12-7 shows an arbitrary body of mass M. Fig12-7 0 y x c p

23. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 1. Relative to o, the kinetic energy of is, and total kinetic energy of the body is (12-16) From Fig12-7,we see that Then: (12-17)

24. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy In Eq(12-17): (1) ( ) (2) (3)

25. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Thus (12-18) Eq(12-18) indicate that the total kinetic energy of the moving object consists of two terms, the pure translational of Cm, and the pure rotation about Cm. The two terms are quite independent. 2.Rolling without slipping For this case, (12-19)

26. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 3.When an object rolls without slipping, there may be a frictional force exerted at the instantaneous point of contact between the object and the surface on which it rolls. However, this frictional force does no work on the object.

27. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Sample problem 12-8 Using energy conservation find the final speed of the rolling cylinder in Fig 9-32 when it reaches the bottom of the plane. h mg N c Fig 9-32

28. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Solution: For our system we take the cylinder and the Earth. The friction does no work and so it cannot change the mechanical energy., Setting with

29. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 12-5 One-dimensional conservation system: the complete solution 1.How to read the curve of potential energy? If only conservative forces do work in the system, we have, (E is constant) (12-20) (12-21)

30. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy (a) F (b) Fig12-8 U(x) K=E-U x x

31. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Sample problem 12-10 The potential energy function for the force between two atoms in a diatomic molecule can be expressed approximately as follows where a and b are positive constant and x is the distance between atoms. (a)Find the equilibrium separation between the atoms, (b) the force between the atoms, and (c) the minimum energy necessary to break the molecule apart.

32. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy Solution: (a) Fig12-9 shows u(x) as a function of x. Equilibrium occurs at the coordinate, where is a minimum. that is x x0 0 U (a) (b) Fig (12-9)

33. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy (b) (c) The minimum energy needed to break up the molecule into separate atoms is called the dissociation energy,.

34. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy 2. General solution for x(t) From Eq(12-21),with we have (12-22) Suppose,, we have (12-23) After carring out the integration of Eq(12-23), we would obtain t=t(x), or x=x(t).

35. Ch.12 Energy II: Potential energy In one dimension, the magnitude of the gravitational force of attraction between two particles of mass m 1 and mass m 2 is given by where G is a constant and x is the distance between the particles. (a) What is the potential energy function U( x )? Assume that U( x )  0, as x  ∞. (b) How much work is required to increase the separation of the particles form x = x 1 to x = x 1 +d? Exercise: