1. What earth systems processes influence climate change? What impact will climate change have on me as a global citizen? What can be done to create a sustainable global community?

2. Spheres of Earth www.eoearth.org

3. http://thundafunda.com/uncategorized/hq-desktop-wallpaper-forces-of-nature-volcanoes-thunder-lightning/ Lithosphere  Solid part of the earth.  Crust and upper mantle  ~75-100km thick http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/lithosphere.gif What phenomena occur in the lithosphere and relate to climate?

4. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/images/biosphere/global_biosphere_2003_lrg.jpg http://www.coralreefinfo.com/images/coral_reef.jpg Biosphere  Parts of the land, sea, and atmosphere in which organisms are able to live.  What phenomena occur in the biosphere and relate to climate?

5. http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/cryo/cryosphere/what_images/ramseier_aerial_view.jpg Cryosphere  Frozen parts of Earth: Snow Sea Ice Lake Ice/River Ice Frozen ground and permafrost. Glaciers Ice Sheets http://www.digitaluniverse.net/images/19061/350x0/scale/CryosphereThm.jpg What phenomena occur in the cryosphere and relate to climate?

6. http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Water/images/wave_ucar.jpg http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/hydrocycle.gif Hydrosphere  Combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of the planet.  What phenomena occur in the hydrosphere and relate to climate?

7. http://www.williamsclass.com/EighthScienceWork/Atmosphere/AtmosphereEarth.jpg Atmosphere  The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth. Exosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, & Troposphere. http://www.theozonehole.com/images/atmospbhere.gif What phenomena occur in the atmosphere and relate to climate?

8. http://www.phys.port.ac.uk/units/2007/global/Anthrosphere.gif Anthrosphere  The anthrosphere is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities.  What phenomena occur in the anthrosphere and relate to climate

9. http://blogs.discovery.com/.a/6a00d8341bf67c53ef0133f15e3aab970b-800wi Atmospheric Science  What is the basic composition of the atmosphere?  What are the major layers of the atmosphere?  Where is the ozone layer located within the atmosphere?  What is the impact of direct vs. indirect heating?

10. The atmosphere  Atmosphere = the thin layer of gases that surrounds Earth Absorbs radiation and moderates climate Transports and recycles water and nutrients 78% nitrogen gas, 21% oxygen gas, 1% other gases Its four layers differ in temperature, density and composition  Minute concentrations of permanent (remain at stable concentrations) and variable gases (varying concentrations)  Human activity is changing the amounts of some gases

11. The atmosphere’s composition

12. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers The structur e of the atmosp here showin g temper ature profile and ozone layer of the atmosp here to an altitude of 110 km. The atmosphere’s four layers

13. The first two layers of the atmosphere  Troposphere = bottommost layer Air for breathing, weather Temperature declines with altitude Tropopause = limits mixing between troposphere and the layer above it  Stratosphere = 11-50 km (7-31 mi) above sea level Drier and less dense, with little vertical mixing Colder in its lower regions, temp increases with altitude Contains UV radiation-blocking ozone, 17-30 km (10-19 mi) above sea level

14. The two highest levels of the atmosphere  Mesosphere = 50-80 km (31-56 mi) above sea level Extremely low air pressure Temperatures decrease with altitude  Thermosphere = atmosphere’s top layer Extends upward to 500 m (300 mi) Temp increases with altitude

15. http://eo.ucar.edu/staff/rrussell/atmosphere/images/mesosphere_diagram_big.jpg OZONE HIPPO

16. Solar energy heats the atmosphere  Energy from the sun Heats air Moves air Creates seasons Influences weather and climate  Solar radiation is highest near the equator

17. Direct vs. Indirect Heating

18. Solar energy creates seasons  Because the Earth is tilted Each hemisphere tilts toward the sun for half the year Results in a change of seasons Equatorial regions are unaffected by this tilt, so days average 12 hours through the year

19. Tilt of the Earth: The Reason for the Seasons

20. Solar energy causes air to circulate  Air near Earth’s surface is warmer and moister than air at higher latitudes  Convective circulation = less dense, warmer air rises and creates vertical currents Rising air expands and cools Cool air descends and becomes denser, replacing warm air Influences both weather and climate FROM http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/images/atmosphere_mural_jpg_image.html

21. FROM http://user.gs.rmit.edu.au/caa/global/coriolis.html What processes make weather on a global scale? DIFFERENTIAL HEATING OF EARTH’S SURFACE ROTATION OF THE EARTH GLOBAL PATTERN OF: 1) PREVAILING WINDS 2) LATITUDINAL BELTS OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE

22. Convection Currents  Convective currents contribute to climatic patterns and affect moisture distribution Hadley cells = near the equator, surface air warms, rises, and expands ○ Releases moisture and heavy rainfall near the equator Ferrel cells and polar cells ○ Creates precipitation at 60 degrees latitude north and south ○ Causes air to descend at 30 degrees latitude

23. FROM http://user.gs.rmit.edu.au/caa/global/vertical.html

25. Global wind patterns  The atmospheric cells interact with Earth’s rotation to produce global wind patterns As Earth rotates, equatorial regions spin faster  Coriolis effect = the north-south air currents of the convective cells appear to be deflected from a straight path Web merry-go-round, web animation, embedded Web merry-go-round web animation Results in curving global wind patterns

27. Wind patterns  Doldrums = near the equator Few winds  Trade winds = between the equator and 30 degrees latitude Blow from east to west  Westerlies = from 30 to 60 degrees latitude Originate from the west and blow east People used these winds to sail their ships across the ocean

28. COMMON TERMS Easterlies Westerlies Horse latitudes Trade winds Doldrums Highs Lows

29. The atmosphere drives weather and climate  Weather = specifies atmospheric conditions atmospheric conditions over short time periods and within a small geographic within a small geographicareas.  Climate = describes patterns of atmospheric conditions across large geographic regions over long periods of time  Mark Twain said “Climate is what we expect; weather is what we get” http://www.london.ca/Emergency_Management/images/lightning.png

30. Graphs of climatic factors through time

31. Natural causes of climate variation  Atmosphere  Sun  Milankovitch Cycles  Ocean atmosphere interactions El Nino/La Nina  Ocean Circulation  Volcanoes

32. The Greenhouse Effect - Atmosphere http://www.sciencebuzz.org/sites/all/files_static/global_warming/greenhouse_effect.gif http://www.ecoslopes.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/03/greenhouse-effect- solutions-300x225.jpg The atmosphere = without it, the Earth’s temperature would be much colder Earth’s atmosphere, clouds, land, ice, and water absorb 70% of incoming solar radiation

34. Atmosphere - Greenhouse/Heat trapping Gases and major sources  Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) = Burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) and other combustion reactions such as forest fires.  Methane  Methane (CH 4 ) = fossil fuel deposits, termites, livestock, landfills, crops such as rice, melting permafrost. HIPPO VIDEOHIPPO VIDEO  Nitrous oxide  Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) = feedlots, chemical manufacturing plants, auto emissions, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers http://img66.imageshack.us/img66/6246/reducingsmogpollution.jpg

35. Greenhouse/Heat trapping Gases and major sources  Ozone (O 3  Ozone (O 3 ) = risen due to photochemical smog. Stratosphere= Good Troposphere= Bad  Halocarbon gases (CFCs/HCFCs/HFCs)  Halocarbon gases (CFCs/HCFCs/HFCs) = Man-made, primarily found in refrigerants and blown foam products. CFCs are declining due to the Montreal Protocol.  Water vapor  Water vapor (H 2 O v ) = the most abundant greenhouse gas and contributes most to the greenhouse effect

36. SUN- EnergyBudget SUN- Energy Budget W/m 2 Turn to your neighbor and spend 2 minutes explaining what you see.

37. http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2008/07/11/11jul_solarcycleupdate_resources/s sn_predict_l.gif Natural Reasons for climate flux  Solar output = drives temperature change on Earth’s surface The Sun varies in the radiation it emits Variation in solar energy (i.e., solar flares) has not been great enough to change Earth’s temperature The Sun = without it, the Earth would be dark and frozen Also supplies most of our planet’s energy

40. http://www.eoearth.org/files/120401_120500/120458/620px- MilankovitchCycles.jpg Natural Reasons for climate flux  Milankovitch cycles: periodic changes in Earth’s rotation and orbit around the Sun Precession(wobble)-19,000- 23,000 yrs Tilt- 41,000 yrs Orbit- 100,000 yrs Alter the way solar radiation is distributed over Earth’s surface By modifying patterns of atmospheric heating, these cycles trigger long- term climate variation such as periodic glaciations

41. Natural Air Sea Interactions influence Climate flux  El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) = a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific.  El Niño is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, as opposed to La Niña, which characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. http://s4.hubimg.com/u/2739815_f520.jpg

42. Ocean Circulation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/400px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png The oceans = shape climate by storing and transporting heat and moisture Ocean circulation = ocean water exchanges tremendous amounts of heat with the atmosphere, and ocean currents move energy from place to place Surface and deep water currents move this around our earth.

43. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/resources/AshCloud.jpg Other Natural contributors to climate flux  Volcanoes: Example: On June 1991: Mount Pinatubo (Philippines) exploded Airborne pollutants (AEROSOLS), deaths, and damage Affected climate temperature James Hansen(NASA) cooled the temp of the earth by )0.5* over a 19 th month period. Then the earth would warm

44. Paleoclimatology: An Investigation  How do we know what we know?  What is a proxy?  Examples of proxies Ice cores Tree rings Pollen Speleothems Historical documents Coral Packrat Middens  Resolution vs. Span

45. Ice Cores Jim White: Stable Isotope Lab @ CU Jim White: Stable Isotope Lab @ CU http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2009/11/vostok-graph.jpg

47. Tree Rings http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ctl/images/16thchron2.jpg http://saima-tutkimus.fi/saimapictures/kiekkoisov.jpg

48. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/smith2006/fig1.jpg http://www.windows2universe.org/ear th/climate/images/stalagmites_sm.jpg Speleothems http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a1/Labeled_speleothems.jpg

49. Pollen http://lh5.ggpht.com/_j1cdMMQnYns/TMLGrbaJP_I /AAAAAAAAJMU/2CNdQce5DKw/lavender-pollen- grain--lavandula-dentata--80200172- m%5B4%5D.jpg Canadian model Hadley model

50. Coral http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/fbeinecke/Bleached.coral.jpg http://www.climateshifts.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Bellwood-et-al-Fig-1.jpg

51. Historical

52. Conclusion http://scienceinthetriangle.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/spaghetti-climate-graph.jpg

53. Model images/examples  Super Computers (picture)  Resolution? High resolution (pictures) vs. low  Used for predicting future based on past (paleo) data http://www.coloradoconnection.com/uploadedIm ages/kxrm/News/Stories/supercomputer.jpg?w= 204&h=153&aspect=nostretch

54. The Very, Very Simple Climate Model

56. CCSM – NCAR Model

58. IPCC – different scenarios http://poitsplace.com/images/08/warming_projections.png

59. http://www.frontiernet.net/~gnreil/weather/LWC/James%20Balog_Climate%20Rhythm.jpg

60. Courtesy EPA Affects of Global Climate Change (projects)  Extreme Weather (flood, fires, drought, heat waves)  Distribution of plant and animal species  Desertification  Water/food availability  Disease  Sea Level Rise and temp  relationship  Ocean acidification Ocean acidification (link)Ocean acidification  Urban Heat Islands  Ice Sheet/Glacial Sheet Melt

62. Mitigation, Adaptation, Remediation  Mitigation: the action of lessening in severity or intensity Examples:  Adaptation: something that is changed or modified to suit new conditions or needs Examples:  Remediation: the correction of something bad or defective Examples:

63. Major environmental policies related to climate change  International Policies Montreal Protocol (1987): Ozone Layer Kyoto Protocol (1997): Reduction of GHG emissions 5%  National Policies Clean Air Act (1970, 1990 modified): reduction in air pollution. Can you connect other policies to climate change? Talk to neighbor