1. 1849 Chinese 1849= 325 Chinese/ 1852=20,026 –Most from Guang Dong Province –fleeing civil war, famine –mostly male 1849= 325 Chinese/ 1852=20,026 –Most from Guang Dong Province –fleeing civil war, famine –mostly male

2. Miners. includes native born Californios, May-Aug 1952, 15k Mex and Chinese leave southern goldfields. includes native born Californios, May-Aug 1952, 15k Mex and Chinese leave southern goldfields.

3. Chinese Gender Ratios Early immigrant women largely listed as prostitutes in census. By end of period few Chinese immigrant women listed as prostitutes. Early immigrant women largely listed as prostitutes in census. By end of period few Chinese immigrant women listed as prostitutes.

4. Anti-Chinese Violence 1870-1900 1852 Foreign Miners Tax $16.00 monthly fee for non-citizens Tax applied unequally against foreign looking

5. Anti Chinese Riot Seattle 1884 Urban conflicts Working class competition

6. Responses by the Excluded Niche economies –mule packing –servicing mining cam –laundries –restaurants –Social Banditry Niche economies –mule packing –servicing mining cam –laundries –restaurants –Social Banditry

7. Chinese labor history Gold Mining Rail Road Urban labor force Petty Agriculture Gold Mining Rail Road Urban labor force Petty Agriculture