1. RFID in the postal logistics
Ing. Radovan Madleňák, PhD.
doc. Ing. Juraj Vaculík, PhD.
University of Žilina
Department of Communications

2. Introduction
In the transportation and logistics industries, RFID is found in a wide array of applications, as more companies begin conducting new pilots and implementations.
Even applications within the same market may differ drastically from one another.
This presentation focuses on the use of RFID in the area postal services.

3. What is it RFID ?
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a generic term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves

4. Types of RFID
RFID systems consist of three components in two combinations:
a transceiver (transmitter/receiver) and antenna are usually combined as an RFID reader.
A transponder (transmitter/responder) and antenna are combined to make an RFID tag.
An RFID tag is read when the reader emits a radio signal that activates the transponder, which sends data back to the transceiver.
There are two types of transponders, which correlate to the two major types of RFID tags:
Passive transponders and RFID tags have no energy source of their own, relying on the energy given off by the reader for the power to respond. Cheaper, passive RFID tags are the most likely to be used for consumer goods.
An active transponder or tag has an internal power source, which it uses to generate a signal in response to a reader.

5. Concept of RFID
A transponder (a microchip with an antenna) is a placed on an item and then a reader (a device with one or more antennas) is used to read data off of the microchip using radio waves.
The reader passes the information to a computer, so that the data can be used to create business value.

6. Structure of RFID trasponder
Printable face-stock
Adhesive
RFID inlay (chip + antenna)
Liner
Antenna
Major driver of read performance
Determines how well an RFID label works with a certain product
Chip
Contains data

7. Postal market and RFID
The potential market for RFID in the postal and courier service is second only to that for the retail supply chain

8. Postal RFID application model
Postal RFID application model was proposed for the adoption of RFID technology in postal logistics environments
The main environments are:
Mail Office
Mail Collection & Distribution Center
Delivery Office
Monitoring Center

9. RFID application model for postal logisticsB A C D

10. Mail Office environment
A mail office that can conduct parcel registration through issuing an RFID tag and label printing sends parcel issue data such as a postal code and address automatically using an RFID reader with an Internet connection to a postal logistics system via a local server.
The mail office also receives mail trace data such as parcel processing and delivery data from a local server after the registered parcel has moved to the mail center.

11. Mail Collection & Distribution Center
A mail center that can conduct RFID tag recognition at docks and has a sorting machine for the auto-sorting, sending, and arrival processing of parcels and pallets sends RFID tag recognition data of the parcels and pallets, such as mail center code and parcel processing data, automatically using an RFID reader with an Internet connection to a postal logistics system via a local server.
The mail center also receives mail trace data such as parcel processing and delivery data from the local server after the parcels and pallets have moved to the delivery office.

12. Delivery Office environment
A delivery office that can conduct RFID tag recognition for the delivery of parcels and a tag data reset for the reuse preparation of parcel and pallet tags sends RFID tag recognition data of the parcels and pallets, such as delivery office code, delivery person’s ID, and delivery data automatically using a hand-held RFID reader with wireless LAN and CDMA connection to a postal logistics system via a local server.
The delivery office also receives processing data such as parcel registration and sorting data from the local server after the sorted parcels have moved to the delivery office.

13. Monitoring Center environment
The monitoring center can do a real-time trace and tracking of parcel processing and pallet management via a local server and postal logistics system.
The monitoring center can also check how many parcels are registered in real time, how many pallets with parcels have moved among mail centers, and how many empty pallets are stored in each mail center.
This is also important for the effective use of parcel and pallet management, customer service parcel upgrades, and for knowing which mail center has a problem with parcel processing and pallet management.

14. Example of RFID using in the postal logistics
Receive Pallet
& Parcels
by Truck
Post Office 1
Mail Center 2
Send Pallets &
Boxes with Registered
Mails& Parcels by Truck
Delivery Office 3
Local Server & Platform
Pallet Tag Issuer
Sort of the Registered Mails,
and Takeover Boxes
& Pallets
Parcel Auto-Sort System,
And Takeover of the sorted
Parcels & Pallets
Receive Pallets
Parcels to be
deliveried
with RFID PDA
Link Pallet &
Parcel, & Takeover
Send Pallet
Tag Issue &
Label Print
for Parcel
Real Time Monitoring of Parcels & Pallet on Center

15. Examples of RFID devices
used in postal logistic systems

16. Future of RFID in postal logistics
The global market for RFID systems, including tags, in this sector will grow extremely rapidly to be $3 billion
Demand may be much larger if current efforts to tag individual items gain widespread acceptance. In due course, over one trillion postal items will be tagged yearly, making this the second largest application of RFID in the world after the retail supply chain.

17. Referencies Peter Harrop: RFID in the Postal and Courier service
Jeong-Hyun Park, Jong-Heung Park: Postal RFID Application Model and Performance
Juraj Vaculík: RFID in postal services
Libor Švadlenka: RFID in Postal and Courier Services
Radovan Madleňák: Optimal model design of postal items processing technology
Lucia Madleňáková: Improving of the quality of postal services by the monitoring transit time