1. 1 If you do not have a copy of the SWTRs handouts, a copy can be downloaded from the Encounter Collaborative meeting page: https://ei.e2c.com/enc/enc-pc.pmtg https://ei.e2c.com/enc/enc-pc.pmtg

2. 2 Encounter Customer Care General Technical Support at Encounter 800-290-5900, Option 1 Or press *0 on your telephone when dialed into your Express, Priority, or Broadcast Number to be transferred directly to Customer Care.

3. How many people are attending at your location? 1 Person 2 - 4 People 5 - 10 People 10 - 20 People More than 20 People

4. 4 Evaluation Form – Available on the web at: http://yosemite.epa.gov/ogwdw/ogwdwsurvey.nsf/ surveyhome?openform http://yosemite.epa.gov/ogwdw/ogwdwsurvey.nsf/ surveyhome?openform Enter code: survey07 Please email webcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com if you have questionswebcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com New

5. 5 Happy Sweet Sixteen!!!!!!!! June 29, 1989June 29, 2005

6. 6 Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTRs) U.S. EPA Webcast Training Session June 29, 2005 2:00-4:00pm EST

7. 7 SWTRs SWTRs Training encompasses requirements of the following regulations: Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) Long Term Enhanced 1 Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)

8. 8 SWTRs SizeFiltration TypeSWTR 1989 IESWTR 1998 LT1 2002 FBRR 2001 Serving at least 10,000 Conventional or Direct Filtration  Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration  Unfiltered Systems  Serving fewer than 10,000 Conventional or Direct Filtration  Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration  Unfiltered Systems 

9. 9 SWTRs Purpose Purpose: To improve public health protection through the control of microbial contaminants, including requirements for removal and/or inactivation of: Viruses Giardia Lamblia Cryptosporidium

10. 10 SWTRs Scope Scope: Applies to all public water systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water (GWUDI), otherwise known as “Subpart H systems.” Require all Subpart H systems to: Disinfect Filter Individual filter monitoring & establishes CFE limits Apply treatment technique requirements for control of microbials. Exception – Systems meeting Filter Avoidance Criteria only need to disinfect

11. 11 Outline History of Microbials Overview of SWTR, IESWTR, and LT1ESWTR Requirements Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Lessons Learned in the Process (City of Manassas, VA) Other Requirements under the SWTR Turbidity Requirements Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems Case Studies Additional Resources Overview

12. 12 The requirements that apply to each system depend on the system’s treatment process. Applicability to Systems This presentation covers: Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems Slow Sand and Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration Systems Unfiltered Systems Overview

13. 13 Presenters Ed Moriarty, U.S. EPA Maria Lopez, U.S. EPA Linda Hills, The Cadmus Group, Inc. Tom Grubbs, U.S. EPA Mike Finn, U.S. EPA Panelists Overview

14. 14 Disclaimer The examples included in this presentation are intended for discussion purposes only. Throughout this presentation, the terms “state” or “states” are used to refer to all types of primacy agencies including U.S. territories, Indian tribes, and EPA Regions. The statutory provisions and EPA regulations described in this document contain legally binding requirements. This presentation is not a regulation itself, nor does it change or substitute for those provisions and regulations. Thus, it does not impose legally binding requirements on EPA, states, or public water systems. This guidance does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations upon any member of the public. While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in this presentation, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by statutes, regulations, or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between the discussion in this presentation and any statute or regulation, this presentation would not be controlling. Overview

15. 15 Public Health & Regulated Pathogens Regulated Pathogens: Viruses Giardia Cryptosporidium In excess amounts: Nausea Cramps Diarrhea Associated headaches More serious health effects for infants, elderly or other immune-compromised people Overview

16. 16 History of Microbials

17. 17 The Challenge of Microbial Organisms What They Do Was Known Before What They Are Hippocrates: Boil and Strain Water ~300BC Chlorination to Prevent ‘Child Bed Fever’ - 1846 John Snow Closes the Broad Street Well, London, 1854 - Terminates Cholera Epidemic What They Do Was Known Before How To Detect Them In Drinking Water Overview

18. 18 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

19. 19 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 1974 – Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Overview

20. 20 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

21. 21 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview 1976 – National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR): Coliform and Turbidity

22. 22 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

23. 23 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview 1986 – Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments (SDWA Amendments)

24. 24 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

25. 25 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview 1989 – Total Coliform Rule (TCR); Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)

26. 26 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

27. 27 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview 1996 – Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments (SDWA Amendments)

28. 28 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

29. 29 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview 1998 – Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR); Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (S1DBPR)

30. 30 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

31. 31 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview 2001 – Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)

32. 32 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

33. 33 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview 2002 – Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR)

34. 34 History of M-DBP Regulations THM – 1979 NPIDWRs – 1976 SDWA – 1974 MA Giardia Outbreak – 1985 SDWA Amendments – 1986 GA Crypto Outbreak – 1987 MO E. Coli Outbreak – 1989TCR and SWTR – 1989 WI Crypto Outbreak – 1993 SDWA Amendments – 1996 IESWTR and S1DBPR – 1998 FBRR – 2001 2005 – Proposed S2DBPR, LT2ESWTR, GWR 200? – Future Rules: Revised TCR LT1ESTWR – 2002 Overview

35. 35 National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR) Effective from 1975 to 1986 SDWA Amendments Total Coliform Monitoring and MCL Based on USPHS Drinking Water Regulations of 1962 Turbidity MCL for Surface Water Recognized Underreporting of Outbreaks Overview

36. 36 1996 SDWA Amendments No Significant Changes to the Total Coliform Rule Required Promulgation of Microbial/Disinfection Byproduct Regulations IESWTR, LT1ESWTR, FBRR, LT2ESWTR Stage 1 and 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rules Overview

37. 37 6-Year Review Cycle SDWA Requires Review of Existing Regulations The Total Coliform Rule is Under Review Schedule to Be Determined Overview

38. 38 Types of Filtration: Conventional Filtration Direct Filtration Slow Sand Filtration Diatomaceous Earth Filtration Alternative Filtration Technologies Overview

39. 39 Requirements for Filtered Systems Removal/Inactivation Requirements for Certain Pathogens Residual Disinfectant Requirements Turbidity Treatment Techniques Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Sanitary Surveys Covered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities Operator Certification Overview

40. 40 Requirements for Unfiltered Systems Inactivation Requirements for Certain Pathogens Residual Disinfectant Requirements Filtration Avoidance Criteria Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Sanitary Surveys Covered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities Operator Certification Overview

41. 41 Questions Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right. Q & A

42. 42 Overview of SWTR, IESWTR, and LT1ESWTR Requirements Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems

43. 43 General Requirements All Subpart H systems must comply with the following requirements: Removal/inactivation requirements for viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium Residual disinfectant monitoring Disinfection profiling and benchmarking Sanitary surveys Covered finished reservoirs/water storage facilities Qualified operators Unfiltered Systems Conventiona l and Direct Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

44. 44 Regulated Pathogens (Removal/Inactivation Requirements) All subpart H systems must comply with the removal/inactivation requirements established for regulated pathogens. The removal/inactivation requirements are as follows: MicrobialMCLG Removal/Inactivation Requirements Viruses99.99% (4-log) Unfiltered Systems Conventiona l and Direct Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

45. 45 Regulated Pathogens (Removal/Inactivation Requirements) All subpart H systems must comply with the removal/inactivation requirements established for regulated pathogens. The removal/inactivation requirements are as follows: MicrobialMCLG Removal/Inactivation Requirements Viruses99.99% (4-log) Giardia LambliaZero99.9% (3-log) Unfiltered Systems Conventiona l and Direct Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

46. 46 Regulated Pathogens (Removal/Inactivation Requirements) All subpart H systems must comply with the removal/inactivation requirements established for regulated pathogens. The removal/inactivation requirements are as follows: MicrobialMCLG Removal/Inactivation Requirements Viruses99.99% (4-log) Giardia LambliaZero99.9% (3-log) CryptosporidiumZero99% (2-log) (removal only) Unfiltered Systems Conventiona l and Direct Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

47. 47 Residual Disinfectant Monitoring Requirements Population Entrance to Distribution System In Distribution System All Subpart H Systems Cannot be < 0.2 mg/L for more than 4 hours 1 Detectable in at least 95% of samples in a month for any 2 consecutive months 1 Residual monitored continuously. A state may allow systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons to take grab samples from 1-4 times per day, depending on system size. Unfiltered Systems Conventiona l and Direct Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

48. 48 Residual Disinfectant Reporting Requirements Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include: A calculation of the percent of distribution residual samples that were undetectable Lowest daily value for each day The date and duration when residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L When state was notified of events where residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L Unfiltered Systems Conventiona l and Direct Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

49. 49 Additional Disinfectant Monitoring Requirements FrequencyIn Distribution System DailyBefore or at the first customer: Temperature pH (if chlorine is used) Disinfectant contact time(s) at peak hourly flow Residual disinfectant concentration measurement(s) at peak hourly flow used in the inactivation calculation(s) Unfiltered Systems

50. 50 Additional Disinfectant Reporting Requirements Daily residual disinfectant concentration(s) and disinfectant contact time(s) used for calculating the CT value(s). As soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day. Remember to include: Instances where the residual disinfectant level entering the distribution system was < 0.2 mg/L Unfiltered Systems Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include:

51. 51 Quiz #1: Disinfectant Residual Example System: Takes 3 routine TCR samples Uses Surface Water Has a Conventional Filtration In addition to taking one sample at the entry point to the distribution systems, what does this system need to do to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements? Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

52. 52 Quiz #1: Disinfectant Residual Conventiona l and Direct Filtration System needs to take: 3 disinfectant residual samples at the same time and place as the TCR sample 40 CFR 141.74 (b)(6)(i)

53. 53 Quiz #2: Unfiltered System Reporting Requirements What does this system need to report in order to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements? 1)Daily residual disinfectant concentration(s) & disinfectant contact time(s) used for calculating the CT value(s) 2)Lowest daily value for each day 3)The date/duration when residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L 4)When state was notified of events where residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L 5)A calculation of the percent of distribution residual samples that were undetectable 6)All of the above Unfiltered Systems Example Systems: Unfiltered, Surface Water system that serves 12,000 people

54. 54 Quiz #2: Unfiltered System Reporting Requirements What does this system need to report in order to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements? 6)All of the above Lowest daily value for each day The date and duration when residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L When state was notified of events where residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L A calculation of the percent of distribution residual samples that were undetectable Daily residual disinfectant concentration(s) and disinfectant contact time(s) used for calculating the CT value(s). Unfiltered Systems Example Systems: Unfiltered, Surface Water system that serves 12,000 people

55. 55 Quiz #3: Filtered System Reporting Requirement What does this system need to report in order to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements? 1)Lowest daily value for each day 2)The date and duration when residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L 3)When state was notified of events where residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L 4)A calculation of the percent of distribution residual samples that were undetectable 5)All of the above Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Example Systems: GWUDI systems that serves 4,500 people that uses slow sand filtration and measures HPC in lieu of distribution disinfectant residuals.

56. 56 Quiz #3: Filtered System Reporting Requirement What does this system need to report in order to comply with the SWTRs residual disinfectant monitoring requirements? 5)All of the above Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Lowest daily value for each day The date and duration when residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L When state was notified of events where residual disinfectant was <0.2 mg/L A calculation of the percent of distribution residual samples that were undetectable Example Systems: GWUDI systems that serves 4,500 people that uses slow sand filtration and measures HPC in lieu of distribution disinfectant residuals.

57. How long have you worked with the surface water rules (base your response on the average in the room) 0-6 Months 7-12 Months 1-2 Years 2-4 Years 4+ Years

58. 58 Questions Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right. Q & A

59. 59 Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking

60. 60 Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking A “Snap-Shot” Ensures Microbial Protection 3-Step Process 1.Applicability Determination 2.Profiling 3.Benchmarking and Consultation Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems Conventional and Direct Filtration

61. 61 Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Applies to: all Subpart H PWSs Profiling requirements vary by system size Disinfection benchmark must be calculated and State must be consulted if the system is considering: Changes to the point of disinfection Changes to the disinfecant(s) used Changes to the disinfection process Any other modification identified by the state. Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems Conventiona l and Direct Filtration 40 CFR 141.172 and 141.530

62. 62 Why Develop a Disinfection Profile and Benchmark? A Regulatory Threshold to Be Achieved The Threshold Is Often Exceeded Assess Affects of Treatment Changes Upon Actual Inactivation Consider: Positive and Negative Impacts Acute and Chronic Health Risks Alternatives Public Health Based Decision Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems Conventional and Direct Filtration

63. 63 To Distribution Why Develop a Disinfection Profile & Benchmark? Filters Contact Basin Flocculation Basins Potential Chlorination Points Sedimentation Basin Lake 1 2 3 4 Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems Conventional and Direct Filtration

64. 64

65. Conventional and Direct Filtration Example Disinfection Profile

66. 66 LT1ESWTR Profiler www.LT1P.com

67. 67 Disinfection Profile and Benchmark “Lessons Learned in the Process” Alexander Vanegas City of Manassas June 2005

68. 68 EPA Sets Guidelines The purpose of developing the disinfection profile and benchmark is to provide a basis for the water system and the state primacy agency to work together to assure that any changes in disinfection practices to meet new disinfection byproduct MCLs will not result in a significant reduction in the microbial protection provided by the system.

69. 69 EPA Sets Guidelines In order to determine if profiling was necessary, water utilities were to conduct four quarters of "Applicability Monitoring" for TTHMs and HAAs. If the TTHM or HAA annual averages from the applicability monitoring exceeded 64 ppb or 48 ppb, respectively, the water system needed to prepare a disinfection profile.

70. 70 Crypto & Giardia Removal All surface water systems that serve more than l0,000 people and are required to filter must achieve at least: 2 log removal of Cryptosporidium or 99% removal based on treatment technique 3 log removal of Giardia lamblia or 99.9% removal/inactivation based on treatment technique. 4 log removal of viruses or 99.99% removal/inactivation based on treatment technique.

71. 71 Timeline of Problems January 2002 - TTHM & HAA MCL reduced from 100ppb -80ppb respectively to 80-60 ppb. November 2002 - Manganese violation (0.05 mg/L) December 2002 - Exceeding TTHMs MCL and difficulty meeting TOC removal December 2002 - Inverted application of Chlorine from heavy Pre-CL 2 in Rapid Mix and low concentration in clearwell to low Pre-CL 2 in Rapid Mix and higher concentration in clearwell.

72. 72 Timeline: Action Steps taken to Obviate the Situation January 2003 - Switched coagulant from Aluminum Sulfate to Ferric Chloride to assist in TOC removal and reduce TTHMs. October 2003 - Moved CL2 application point from rapid mix to pre-filter area after sedimentation basins. January 2004 - Switched from Gaseous Chlorine to Sodium Hypochlorite

73. 73 Timeline: Action Steps taken to Obviate the Situation September 2004 - Replaced GAC media December 2004 - Lead & Copper exceeds limits requiring action. (15 ppb) May 2005 - Switched to Ferric Sulfate.

74. 74 January 2003—Switched to Ferric Chloride Switched from Alum Common trend in industry Assist with TOC removal and increased NOM removal Implications

75. 75 October 2003—Chlorine Application Moved Chlorine Application Point Originally at Rapid Mix prior to Sedimentation New location prior to filters after sedimentation.

76. 76 January 2004—Switch to NaOCL Sodium hypochlorite, (NaOCl) offers an excellent alternative approach to disinfection. The active ingredient is the hypochlorite ion OCl —, which hydrolyzes to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl).

77. 77 January 2004—Switch to NaOCL Often called liquid bleach, is considered to be the second cheapest disinfectant after bulk liquid chlorine gas. Commercially available as a 12.5 percent solution, it offers most of the advantages of chlorine gas–as a disinfectant, oxidizing agent and residual disinfectant, yet it does not have transportation or storage hazards to the extent present with chlorine gas. Impetus driven by Vulnerability Assessment & reduction of potential hazard in area of high development.

78. 78 Disinfection Profile 2002

79. 79 Disinfection Profile 2003

80. 80 Disinfection Profile 2005

81. 81 Comparison of Water Quality Prior to Changes 2002 TTHMs - 97 ppb RAA HAA5 - 35 ppb RAA TOC removal 41% highest After Changes 2004 TTHMs - 55 ppb RAA HAA5 - 30 ppb RAA TOC removal 64% highest

82. Is the person or persons responsible for implementing the surface water rules attending this training? Yes No Not Sure.

83. 83 Questions Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right. Q & A

84. 84 Other Requirements Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems

85. 85 Other Requirements Sanitary Surveys Community Water Systems: Every 3 years Noncommunity Water Systems: Every 5 Years Covered Finished Water Reservoirs/Water Storage Facilities Certified Operator Conventiona l and Direct Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems

86. 86 Filter Backwash Recycling Rule. (FBRR) Purpose: To improve public health protection by assessing and changing, where needed, recycle practices for improved contaminant control, particularly microbial contaminants. Applies to Subpart H conventional or direct filtration systems that: Recycle spent filter backwash, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewaterting processes Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

87. 87 FBRR Requirements Return recycle flows through all unit processes at treatment system or alternative location approved by the states Collecting and retaining recycle flow information Completing all capital improvements associated with relocating recycle return location by June 8, 2006 Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

88. 88 PN Rule Requirements (Tier 1) Exceedance of maximum turbidity level Conventional and direct filtration Slow sand, diatomaceous earth, and alternative filtration Unfiltered Waterborne disease outbreak Unfiltered Systems Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

89. 89 PN Rule Requirements (Tier 1) Tier 1: Notify the state within 24 hours of the violation! For turbidity, State will determine whether violation is Tier 1 or Tier 2 Notify customers within 24 hours if violation is Tier 1 Design communication to reach all users Send a copy to the state within 10 days of notifying customers Unfiltered Systems Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

90. 90 Violations Requiring Tier 2 PN Turbidity violations Single exceedance – As determined by the state 95 th percentile exceedance Failure to perform profiling Failure to consult with state prior to changing disinfection practices Inactivation violations > 5 percent undetectable distribution residuals Failure to meet avoidance criteria Failure to recycle to an appropriate location (FBRR) Failure to complete capital improvements by required schedule (FBRR) Unfiltered Systems Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

91. 91  Notify customers within 30 days  Send a copy of PN to the state within 10 days of notifying customers PN Rule Requirements (Tier 2) Tier 2: Notify the state within 48 hours of the violation! Unfiltered Systems Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

92. 92 PN Rule Requirements (Tier 3) All Monitoring and Reporting Violations Unfiltered Systems Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

93. 93  Notify customers within 12 months  Send a copy of PN to the state within 10 days of notifying customers  Notification may be included in CCR PN Rule Requirements (Tier 3) Unfiltered Systems Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

94. 94 Questions Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right. Q & A

95. 95 Turbidity Requirements Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration Unfiltered Systems

96. 96 Turbidity Combined Filter Effluent (CFE) Individual Filter Effluent (IFE) Conventiona l and Direct Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

97. 97 Conventional and Direct Filtration Systems Conventional and Direct Filtration

98. 98 CFE Requirements Monitoring Requirement Monitoring Frequency Measurement CFE 95% ValueAt least every 4 hours < 0.3 NTU Conventional and Direct Filtration

99. 99 CFE Requirements Monitoring Requirement Monitoring Frequency Measurement CFE 95% ValueAt least every 4 hours < 0.3 NTU CFE Maximum Value At least every 4 hours 1 NTU Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

100. 100 CFE Reporting Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include: Percentage of CFE measurements < 95 th % limit Date and Value of any CFE measurement that exceeded 1 NTU Total number of CFE measurements Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

101. 101 CFE Exceedance Reporting (Systems serving at least 10,000 people) Report to state as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day Exceedance of 1 NTU Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

102. 102 IFE Monitoring Requirements (Systems serving at least 10,000 people) IFE must be monitored continuously every 15 minutes Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

103. 103 IFE Follow-up Steps (Systems serving at least 10,000 people) ConditionAction 12 consecutive measurements >0.5 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the end of the first 4 hours of continuous filter operation after backwash/offline Produce filter profile within 7 days (if cause is not known) 22 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart Produce filter profile within 7 days (if cause is not known) 32 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 3 months in a row Conduct a filter self- assessment within 14 days 42 consecutive measurements >2.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 2 months in a row Arrange for a CPE within 30 days and submit report within 90 days Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

104. 104 IFE Reporting – Conditions 1, 2, and 3 Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include: Filter Number Turbidity Value Cause (if known) or report profile was produced Date Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

105. 105 IFE Reporting – Condition 4 Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include: Filter Number Turbidity Value Date Submit CPE Report Schedule & conduct CPE. Report to state due within 90 days after exceedance: Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

106. 106 IFE Monitoring Requirements (Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people) IFE must be monitored continuously every 15 minutes Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

107. 107 IFE Follow-up Steps (Systems serving fewer than 10,000 people) Conventiona l and Direct Filtration ConditionAction 12 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart Reporting only 22 consecutive measurements >1.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 3 months in a row Conduct a filter self- assessment within 14 days 3*2 consecutive measurements >2.0 NTU taken 15 minutes apart at the same filter for 2 months in a row Arrange for a CPE within 60 days and submit report within 120 days * Exception if a CPE was done in the last 12 months

108. 108 IFE Reporting – Condition 1 Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include: Filter Number Turbidity Value Cause (if known) Date Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

109. 109 IFE Reporting – Condition 2 Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month (or within 14 days of filter self-assessment being triggered if triggered in the last 4 days of the month). Conduct filter self-assessment. Report: Date the filter self- assessment was triggered Date the filter self- assessment was completed Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

110. 110 IFE Reporting – Condition 3 Report to State due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Schedule & Conduct CPE. Remember to include: Date CPE was triggered Submit CPE Report CPE report to State due within 120 days after exceedance: Conventiona l and Direct Filtration

111. 111 Case Studies: Great View Filtered Surface Water System, Serving 15,000 People, Using Direct Filtration Where, when, & how many CFE samples should this system take? What is the limit for the CFE 95th% value? What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days? Where & how many IFE samples should this system take? Two consecutive IFE measurements are >1.0 NTU What is the system required to do? Case Study

112. Where, when, & how many CFE samples should this system take? One per year at the source Five samples per month in the distribution system At least one sample every 4 hours from the combined filter effluent

113. 113 Answer Where, when, & how many CFE samples should this system take? At least one sample every 4 hours from the combined filter effluent Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000 Case Study

114. What is the limit for the CFE 95th% value? 1.2 mg/L 1.0 NTU <= 0.3 NTU None of the above

115. 115 Answer What is the limit for the CFE 95th% value? <= 0.3 NTU Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000 Case Study

116. What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days? Percentage of CFE measurements <= 95th% limit Date and value of any CFE measurement that exceeded 1 NTU Total number of CFE measurements All of the above

117. 117 Answer What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days? All of the above Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000 Case Study

118. Where & how many IFE samples should this system take? 1 sample at the entry point to the distribution system 2 samples in the source water Continuously monitor every 15 minutes from the individual filter effluent At least every 4 hours at the entry point to the distribution system

119. 119 Answer Where & how many IFE samples should this system take? Continuously monitor every 15 minutes from the individual filter effluent Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000 Case Study

120. Two consecutive IFE measurements are >1.0 NTU. What is the system required to do? If the cause cannot be determined, produce a filter profile within 7 days Report filter number, turbidity value(s) and date by the 10th of the following month Report the cause, or report that a filter profile has been completed, by the 10th of the following month, All of the above

121. 121 Answer Two consecutive measurements are >1.0 NTU. What is the system required to do? All of the above. Direct Filtration System, serving 15,000 Case Study

122. 122 Questions Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right. Q & A

123. 123 Systems using Slow Sand, Diatomaceous Earth or Alternative Filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

124. 124 CFE Requirements Monitoring Requirement Monitoring Frequency Measurement CFE 95% ValueAt least every 4 hours < 1 NTU Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

125. 125 CFE Requirements Monitoring Requirement Monitoring Frequency Measurement CFE 95% ValueAt least every 4 hours < 1 NTU CFE Maximum Value At least every 4 hours 5 NTU Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

126. 126 CFE Reporting Report to state due within 10 days of the end of the following month. Remember to include: Total number of monthly measurements Number and percent of monthly measurements less then or equal to designated 95 th percentile turbidity limits Date and value exceeding 5 NTU for slow sand and diatomaceous earth filtration or maximum level set by the state for alternative filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

127. 127 CFE Exceedance Reporting Report to state as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the next business day : Exceedance of 5.0 NTU for slow sand and diatomaceous earth filtration or maximum level set by the state for alternative filtration Slow Sand, Diatomaceous or Alternative Filtration

128. 128 Case Studies: Plain Valley Filtered GWUDI System, Serving 300 People, Using Slow Sand Filtration What is the reduced monitoring frequency that the state can set for this system? What is the maximum CFE limit? What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days? What are the removal/inactivation requirements for Viruses, Giardia Lamblia, and Cryptosporidium for this system? How many IFE samples should this system take? Case Study

129. What is the reduced monitoring frequency that the state can set for this system? At least every 8 hours One sample per day Continuous monitoring every 2 hours Four samples per day

130. 130 Answer What is the reduced monitoring frequency that the state can set for this system? One sample per day Case Study GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

131. What is the maximum CFE limit? <= 1 NTU 5 NTU <= 0.3 NTU None of the above

132. 132 Answer What is the maximum CFE limit? 5 NTU Case Study GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

133. What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days? Total number of monthly measurements Number and percent less than or equal to designated 95% turbidity limits Date and value exceeding 5 NTU All of the above

134. 134 Answer What is the system required to report to the state within 10 days? All of the above Case Study GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

135. What are the removal/inactivation requirements for Viruses, Giardia Lamblia, and Cryptosporidium for this system? Viruses - 4-log removal/inactivation, Giardia Lamblia - 3-log removal/inactivation, Cryptosporidium - 2-log removal Viruses - 2-log removal/inactivation, Giardia Lamblia - 2-log removal/inactivation, Cryptosporidium - 3-log removal Viruses - 3-log removal/inactivation, Giardia Lamblia - 4-log removal/inactivation, Cryptosporidium - 4-log removal

136. 136 Answer What are the removal/inactivation requirements for Viruses, Giardia Lamblia, and Cryptosporidium for this system? Viruses - 4-log removal/inactivation, Giardia Lamblia - 3-log removal/inactivation, Cryptosporidium - 2-log removal Case Study GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

137. How many IFE samples should this system take? At least every 4 hours Continuous monitoring every 15 minutes Not required Once per day

138. 138 Answer How many IFE samples should this system take? Not required. Case Study GWUDI System, serving 300 using slow sand filtration

139. 139 Unfiltered Systems

140. 140 Filtration Avoidance Criteria Source Water Conditions Turbidity Microbial quality Inactivation and Disinfectant Residual Watershed Control and Inspection Unfiltered Systems

141. 141 Source Water Conditions (Turbidity) RequirementFrequencyMeasurement Source Water Samples At least every 4 hours < 5 NTU on two consecutive days Unfiltered Systems

142. 142 Source Water Conditions (Microbial Quality) RequirementFrequencyMeasurement Fecal coliform 1 – 5 samples per week depending on system size and every day the turbidity of the source water exceeds 1 NTU < 20/100 mL And/Or Total coliform 1 – 5 samples per week depending on system size and every day the turbidity of the source water exceeds 1 NTU < 100/100 mL Unfiltered Systems

143. 143 Reporting Requirements Report to state within 24 hours. Turbidity exceedances of 5 NTU Waterborne disease outbreaks Unfiltered Systems

144. 144 Upcoming Regulations Expected final in December 2005 Stage 2 DBPR LT2ESWTR Additional Resources

145. 145 LT2ESWTR Preview Objective: Risk-based targeting approach to reduce exposure to Cryptosporidium in public water systems. Target filtered systems with high source water Cryptosporidium levels where 99% (2-log) removal is not sufficient treatment Target all unfiltered systems, which currently provide no treatment Components of LT2ESWTR: Filtered systems assigned to different “risk bins” based on results of source water Cryptosporidium monitoring Additional Cryptosporidium treatment based on bin classification “Microbial Toolbox” of options – flexibility in meeting additional treatment requirements

146. 146 LT2ESWTR Preview Additional LT2ESWTR requirements: Specific requirements for uncovered finished water reservoirs and unfiltered systems. Second round of monitoring 6 years following initial bin assignment. Disinfection profiling and benchmarking.

147. 147 Evaluation Form – Available on the web at: http://yosemite.epa.gov/ogwdw/ogwdwsurvey.nsf/ surveyhome?openform http://yosemite.epa.gov/ogwdw/ogwdwsurvey.nsf/ surveyhome?openform Enter code: survey07 Please email webcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com if you have questionswebcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com Join us for Data Verification Webcast Training Wednesday, July 27, 2005, 2 – 4 PM Join us for Data Verification Webcast Training Wednesday, July 27, 2005, 2 – 4 PM Don’t Forget

148. 148 Questions? Please send your questions & comments via the web console located on your bottom right. Q & A

149. 149 Additional Resources

150. 150 Webcast Materials Drinking Water Academy Web site: www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa.html www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa.html Webcast Presentation Slides Written Q&A from Webcast Will Be Emailed To All Registered Participants Additional Resources

151. 151 Additional Resources Quick Reference Guides: IESWTR (EPA 816-F-01-011) LT1ESWTR (EPA 816-F-02-001) FBRR (EPA 816-F-01-019) Technical guidance documents: Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-014) Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-013) Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Precipitative Softening Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-010) Additional Resources

152. 152 Additional Resources Technical guidance documents (continued): Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule: Turbidity Provisions (EPA 815- R-99-010) Guidance Manual for Conducting Sanitary Surveys of Public Water Systems; Surface Water and Ground Water Under the Direct Influence (GWUDI) (EPA 815-R-99-016) M/DBP Simultaneous Compliance Manual (EPA-815-R-99- 015) Uncovered Finished Water Reservoirs Guidance Manual (EPA 815-R-99-011) Additional Resources

153. 153 Additional Resources Technical guidance documents (continued): Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) Implementation Turbidity Provisions - Technical Guidance Manual (EPA 816-R-04-007) Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking Technical Guidance Manual (EPA 816-R-03-004) Filter Backwash Recycling Rule Technical Guidance Manual (EPA 816-R-02-014) Technical Fact Sheet: Final Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (EPA 815-F-01-001) Additional Resources

154. 154 Additional Resources Implementation guidance documents: IESWTR Final Implementation Guidance (EPA 816-R-01-011) LT1 Final Implementation Guidance (EPA 816-R-04-008) FBRR Final Implementation Guidance (EPA 816-R-04-006) IESWTR Plain English Guidance (EPA 816-R-01-014) Profiling and Benchmarking Fact Sheet (EPA 816-F-98-017b) IESWTR Fact Sheet (EPA 816-F-01-013) Additional Resources

155. 155 EPA Resources Available All documents available through EPA’s Web site http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ OR By calling the Safe Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791 Additional Resources

156. 156 For More Questions Send Your State’s SWTRs Questions or Situations to: MDBP_OGWDW@epa.gov SWTRs Questions: Call your EPA Regional Office or Ed Moriarty, US EPA HQ 202-564-3864 Additional Resources

157. 157 Next Webcast: Data Verifications July 27, 2005, 2 – 4 PM (EST) For State Staff Only Overview of the EPA Headquarters-sponsored DV process Example of process using TCR and Stage 1 DBPR as examples Send your DV questions via email to: webcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com webcastinfo@cadmusgroup.com Additional Resources

158. 158 Webcast Series See Handout or DWA Calendar for Upcoming 2005 Webcasts http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwa/calendar.html Future Webcasts will: Cover a Variety of Subjects and Rules Be Held Last Wednesday of the Month from 2-4 PM (Eastern Time) Have the Same Registration Process as for SWTRs Will Open for Registration Six Weeks Prior to Each Webcast Additional Resources