1. Stages and milestones of the Nuclotron upgrade Results of the Nuclotron runs (#37, #38) and machine upgrade Works on coming Nuclotron run (#39) Conclusion Status of the project Nuclotron-M (1 st stage of the NICA/MPD) JINR Scientific Council, Sep.25, 2008 Grigory Trubnikov for NICA team

2. Nuclotron provides now performance of experiments on accelerated proton and ion beams (up to Fe 24+, A=56) with energies up to 5,7 and 2,2 GeV/n correspondingly (project parameters for ions 6 GeV/n with Z/A = 0,5)

3. The Goal – to reach parameters of Nuclotron by 2010 required for realization of NICA project by:  Development of new injection complex  Modernization of RF system  Upgrade of diagnostics and beam control systems  Modernization of the vacuum system  Modernization of the electric- and cryo- supply systems  Development of the minimum required infrastructure 1 stage: Nuclotron-M Leaders: A.D. Kovalenko, G.V. Trubnikov Deputy leaders: V.I. Volkov, A.V. Butenko Institute scientific theme 02-00-1065-2007/2009

4. 1.Modernization of ion source KRION to KRION 6-Ts; 2.Improvement of the vacuum in the Nuclotron ring; 3.Development of the power supply system, quench detection and energy evacuation system of dipoles and quadrupoles; 4.Modernization of the RF system (including trapping & bunching systems, controls and diagnostics); 5.Modernization of the slow resonance extraction system for extraction of accelerated heavy ions at maximal energies; 6.Modernization of automatic control system, diagnostics and beam control system and other systems; 7.Transportation channel of the extracted beams and radiation safety; 8.Improvement of the economical efficiency of the cryogenics; 9.Continuous modernization of the injector complex (fore-injector and linac) for acceleration of heavy ions; 10. Development and creation of high intensity polarized deutron source Research and investigation of the beam dynamics, minimization of the beam losses at all stages from injection to acceleration and to extraction of the beams (not more then 15-20%, now we have about 70-80%). 10 stages-subprojects of the Nuclotron-M project

5. In total ~ 140 positions… Specially developed plan of revision and modernization (started Jan’08)

9. Development of heavy ion source KRION (team of Е.D. Donets and Е.E.Donets) Construction and test of the new ion source with 6-Ts solenoid by 2010 is the main goal of the project. intensity of the Au 51+ is 10 8, at extraction duration 8  sec The fist Au32+ ion beams have been obtained in October 2006. Ionization time was 100 ms. The total intensity was of 1.2*10 9 ions/pulse. Developed and tested injection technology of Au atoms to KRION-2. Obtained Au beams with charge up to including Au 51+. Results achieved in last run at KRION: intensity of the Au 51+ is 10 8, at extraction duration 8  sec - Design and construction of the new heavy ion source KRION-6T aimed at generation of heavy ion beams with q/A up to 0.33 (for example Au65+  Au69+); - Study of the electron string phenomenon at different conditions (B up to 6 T, Ee up to 25 keV). The further investigation of tubular electron-string ion source; - Preparation of the existing source KRION-2 to the run at Nuclotron aimed at acceleration of the ion beams at atomic mass range A ~ 100 (for example, 44+ Xe A=132 ).

10. - Developed and is under commissioning at the KRION-2 the prototype of the new 3- electrodes electron gun for KRION-6T. This gun with increased perveance is performed for the voltage up to 20 kV. - One test run with mentioned prototype had been performed and achieved ion current more then 1 mA (total ion charge accumulated and extracted from the source is about 9 nC). - Developed and installed at the KRION-2 the new electron reflector with increased perveance. - Developed and under completion the new experimental bench for spooling the superconducting solenoid for KRION-6T. Developed and partially manufactured structure of the gun and reflector elements of the KRION-6T source. a) New KRION-6T source under assembly b) spooling bench, c) new electron gun and reflector design for existing KRION.

11. BNL’s experts visit VBLHEP: Prof. S.Ozaki and Prof. M.Harrison at the KRION test bench

12. Development and creation of a high-intensity polarized deuteron source - Design documents of the general view of HV platform in the hall of LU-20 is under development. - Program for the calculation of neutral atoms in the field of 6-poles magnets for the polarized deuteron source has been prepared. - All necessary documentation for the reconstructing the room for electrical power supply system for the test bench has been prepared. - A special contract with INR (Troitsk) on the development of the technical documentation for the polarized deuteron and hydrogen atoms source is signed and a pre-payment of 50% has been performed. The works in the frames of this contract are well going. - It was estimated scheme and ordered the necessary vacuum equipment (turbomolecular pumps) for the SPD realization.

13. Modernization at LU-20 complex The following upgrade: - few “oil” vacuum pumps were removed and special liquid nitrogen catchers were installed for the cryo- pumping - this allow mow not to use special cooling solution (expensive); - absolutely new system (since 1974) of timing synchronization for all 48 control channels of the LU-20 was created, tested and commissioned; - several diagnostics tools has been reassembled at injection channel;

14. At the present time there is no possibility to pump out gaseous He defusing into the beam pipe through non-hermetic connection near the beam extraction pipe inside the cryostat. Two stages of the system improvement are proposed: Stage 1: necessary development within the “Nuclotron-M” Stage 2: will be considered within the NICA TDR Upgrade of the Nuclotron ring vacuum system (leader – Dr. H. Khodzhibagiyan) At 2007 the averaged pressure in the Nuclotron beam pipe was ~ 5∙10 -7 (nitrogen equivalent at 300 K). After run 37 it was estimated about ~ 2-3∙10 -8 Torr. After run 38 showed measured value of pressure is about ~ 4-5∙10 -9 Torr.

15. Upgrade of the vacuum system of the Nuclotron ring (subproject SP1.3) Since the modernization has been started we performed the following works: -fixed and exchanged the chamber element with ceramic insulator which had leak between chamber and cryostat isolation volume; - fixed places of possible short circuit of the s/p cable on the chamber or shields; - dismounted pick-up station from the injection channel which had heightened leakage; - dismounting of non-used ionization pumps started; - warm gap of the ring was totally reconstructed – exchanged vacuum gates, special pumping unit is installed with TMU261; - mounted two additional pumping units for fore-pumping with TMU261; - mounted two pumping tandems (TMU521+TMU071) at the slow extraction part of the ring and at one regular part; On results of the conducted trials with pumping tandems we plan to make a solution about expediency of similar tandem installation at all 22 regular ring parts during the 2nd stage of vacuum system modernization. In the current run (#38) we are providing measurement of the integral value of the vacuum in the chamber. We hope to achieve average vacuum magnitude corresponding to 1*10-9 Тоrr (for nitrogen at room temperature) – this was the purpose of the 1st stage modernization. Now it is true that project is not provided with computational reasoning for the proposed circuit solutions to vacuum problems because of lacking the reliable date which is necessary for estimations. This lack will be solved after we get indicated data with a help of mass-spectrometer and vacuum measurement units which were purchased and installed to the ring during last 6 months.

17. Development of the accelerator RF system, upgrade of the electronics and the particle capture scheme (leaders O.Brovko, A.Eliseev, V.Slepnev) Construction and put into operation the third RF station that will allow to provide acceleration of the particles at the magnetic field ramp up to 2 T/s. Increase of the Nuclotron longitudinal acceptance by means of design and put into operation adiabatic scheme of the particle trapping and adequate increase of the particle trapping efficiency (by a factor of two). Modernization of the system of the frequency/ field control electronics. This system is especially important because of the planned operation of the accelerator with different ion species within the same run. Preparation of the project for relativistic heavy ion bunch compression system with the parameters suitable for the NICA.

18. During passed 8 months rather sufficient upgrade of the RF system was made. The following systems and equipment was installed and launched: fast analog-digital converter and industrial PC for the full-scale diagnostics of the acceleration voltage parameters, data input-output devices for the experimental equipment for realization the adiabatic trapping and step-by-step modernization of the drive circuit electronics. a special shielding for RF stations and plugs of HV cables to the station was manufactured and installed in a tunnel. This allowed to decrease noise from RF on the beam signal by factor of 10-15.Special cables, electronics and materials were purchased and installed in the tunnel to increase noise immunity of the diagnostic equipment and decreasing of the RF radiation.

19. Heavy ion beam extraction at maximum beam energy ( leaders V.Volkov, A.Butenko, P.Rukoyatkin) The most problematic is the first problem. Maximum ESS voltage is limited at the present time to about 125 kV by the electrical discharges. It is proposed to modify the ESS unit. The use of a crystal septum is considered as additional possibility to provide additional deflection of the extracted ions to the ESS. It could be possible to provide the extraction at maximum accelerator rigidity without replacement of the ESS. - Modernization of electrostatic septum (ESS) aimed at increase of operation voltage up to 200 kV to provide necessary deflection of the extracted particles up to the magnetic rigidity of the Nuclotron correspond to the NICA specification (B >1.8 T ) - Put into operation additional correcting power supply for the Lambertson magnet of the beam extraction system - Design and realization of heavy ion extraction scheme with the use of a crystal septum. - Design of a scheme for fast extraction of compressed heavy ion bunch.

20. Beam transfer lines and radiation shield (leader of P.Rukojatkin) - Modernization of the main beam extraction and transport line from the Nuclotron beam output window to the building 205; - Minimization of the material along the beam path; - Design and mounting of automatic system of the power supply control for optic elements; - Minimization of energy consumption at transport lines for extracted beams.

21. Modernization of the Nuclotron control system, beam diagnostics and the accelerator complex parameters (V.Volkov, B.Vasilishin, V.Andreev) Basic goals: − Development of the Nuclotron control and local network systems for higher reliability, extended possibilities of the existing system, put into operation the advanced industrial PC farm; − Upgrade of the sub-system for the accelerator magnetic field control; − Modernization of the sub-system for beam extraction control; − Improvement of operation parameters of the equipment for extracted beam diagnostics (extended dynamic range of the measured beam intensities, better accuracy, less materials along a beam path are suppose after the planned modernization);

22. The upgrade of the automation and diagnostic systems is in very active phase. We purchased and installed on the ring and already use new beam current transformer which is very effective tool for diagnostics of the beam intensity. Pick-up station at the warm part of the ring is totally reassembled and new software was created for it to measure and monitor beam signal. Set of power supply units (4 pieces) has been purchased to make a prototype of automated kit for beam orbit correctors (at the 1st stage – in the beam bump system). When it is successfully tested we are ready to order complete kit of such power supply unit in Slovakia in the frames of signed agreement between JINR and Slovakia scientific institutes. Working prototype of the absolutely beam orbit measurement system has been created and installed on the ring. Commissioning of full-scale system (28 stations) is planned in the 39 th run at Nuclotron.

23. Goal: Provide stable, safe and long operation of Nuclotron magnetic system at B = 2 T and B field ramp not less then 1 T/s Modernization of the power supply system, quench detection and energy evacuation system (team of V.Karpinsky) New scheme of the power supply system

24. Work on the new power supply system Work on the new power supply system (new evacuation systems, new power supply for magnets, lenses, correctors, new quench sensors) – Most expense works: ~3000-4000 m/d (several km’s of kA cables in the tunnels and channels, copper buses, …) Systems of energy evacuation Transformer point (b. 1B) Run 39: Very important stage – we plan to increase field in the magnetic system of Nuclotron from 0.9T up to 1.4-1.5T; (evacuation system, power supply system, new quench sensors are under preparation now) Next step – increase from 1.4T to 1.8T in the end 2009 (with full-scale energy evacuation system)

25. Improvement of the cryogenic supply system (subproject SP1.8) - Modernization of the control system for cryogenic complex was started – a rather complicated task. Here we signed two agreements – with Bulgarian institutes and with KRIOGENMASH plant for development, construction and installing at Nuclotron complex new systems for automatic control of compressors and liquefiers. Prototype of such system is already created ant tested. - The system intended to economize the liquid nitrogen consumption is under design ant we expect to realize it by 2010. - One of the helium compressors was totally reconstructed and reassembled. - A negotiation with KRIOGENMASH about leasing in the nearest time of special auto-tank for liquid helium is agreed. - R&D works on the design and construction of special cryogenic sensor of the vapor content for liquid He have been started and we expect to install this sensors by 2010.

26. Total revision and modernization of cryo-plant: - oil-absorbing filters exchange and refilling - He tanks and cylinders reconstruction -cleaning of the pipe-lines - renovation of turbo-expanders kit In total: 4-6 months, 200-250 k$ Will sufficiently allow to work stable and to economy liquid Nitrogen and He

27. We restarted regular geodetical measurements in the tunnel (during different seasons) – a special digital level-theodolite was purchased and is actively used now. We restore the geodetical network - A large volume of works was performed and in progress on the modernization of the infrastructure: repairing and fixing works in the experimental areas (the budget of works is more about 200 k$) – fixing of roofs over LU-20 complex, exchange of several tens meters of the water cooling and water supply system. - New filter for the water supply system was purchased - We have an agreement with Bulgarian Institute of Nuclear Research on the development of the control automatization system of the water cooling and water supply of the accelerator complex.

29. 06 June 08 PAC for particle physics - June 2008 + Nuclotron-M Machine Advisory Committee + Honorary guests

30. Ions of 6 Li had been accelerated up to 25 MeV/u; Measured value of circulated beam lifetime using comparison of deuterons and Н 2 + (τ >3ms) corresponds to the pressure ~2·10 -8 Torr ( for N 2 equivalent) First experiments were successfully started with pseudoadiabatic trapping. It was shown that the beam intensity can be increased by factor 2; Experiments on series connection of magnets and lenses – allowed to decrease amplitude of magnetic field ripple up to 15 times; Methodical shifts aimed on investigation of particle losses on the first turns were performed. Some other technical experiments and methodical studies were done and some new diagnostic equipment were installed and successfully tested. 29.10.07 – 16.11.07 (450 hours) Run № 37

31. Run № 38 from 26 May to 18 June 2008 (total 560 hours) Realized program: –Preparation, tuning ~ 200 hours; –Physical shifts ~ 260 hours : NIS-GIBS (~80), SCAN (~60), Marusya (~60), TPD (~40), FAZA (~30) –Methodical shifts ~ 110 hours: vacuum improvement, vacuum measurements and spectrometry, pseudo-adiabatic trapping, new prototype of transition sensors, RF system upgrade and diagnostics, injection matching, power supply system upgrade, existing Linac modernization,…

32. Run № 39 Winter 2008-2009 (700-1000 hours) Strategy: prolongation of runs, step-by-step commissioning of upgraded systems Program: –Preparation, tuning ~ 200 hours; –Physical shifts ~ 300-600 hours; –Methodical shifts ~ 200 hours:

33. Scheme of Unified Accelerator Division works ! Joined groups and sectors of high- professional specialists actively instill into Nuclotron-M (beam diagnostics, thermo- and magneto- metry, RF and HV technique, LINAC, …) and NICA (beam dampers, transportation channels, cryogenics, extraction systems, …) projects. We started the creation (re-novation) of special dedicated test benches for magnetometry, HV pulsed systems, large vacuum oven, ultrasound cleaning device, etc

34. Required R&D – priority task for Nuclotron runs This stage has to be completed by 2010 providing: - Accelerated heavy ions with A > 100 (for example Xe) -Beam intensity ~ 10 7 A/pulse -Beam energy > 3,5 GeV/n -Required infrastructure The goal of Nuclotron-M 1 stage of the NICA project Accompanied with works on NICA/MPD project

35. NICA general layout

36. Round Table Discussion III Searching for the mixed phase of strongly interacting QCD matter at the NICA/MPD JINR (Dubna) end 2008

37. Injector: fore-injector + linac Meeting of The Steering Committee 27 June 2007 D-D- ESIS U

38. Booster Nuclotron booster Synchrofazotron base We signed in May’08 a Contract with Budker INP about design and further construction of the booster RF stations. Present status: completed and ready in August’08

39.  Priority task – project NICA/MPD. Realization of the 1 st stage in 2008-2010 has principal importance for critical decision on the proposed strategy of JINR accelerator complex development  Progress in Nuclotron modernization is on good way. Our goal – stable, safe and effective operation of the JINR Basic facility with adequate scientific program Conclusion

40.  Program of physics research at Nuclotron is directly coordinated to strategy development of accelerator complex at the 1 st stage (Nuclotron-M)  Organization of the Russian and Foreign cooperation, attraction of the external resources – one of the necessary conditions for successful completion of the project  Active work for collaboration is in progress with Helmholz association, GSI (MoU signed), INFN (MoU under signing), CERN, and other centers on joint execution of the actual physics research at future NICA and FAIR.  Good start had been performed: realized contracts with IHEP (Protvino) and Budker INP (Novosibirsk)

41. Thank you for your attention !

44. ACCELERATOR

45. NICA goals and physics problems by means of careful scanning in beam energy and centrality of excitation functions for the first stage ♣ Multiplicity and global characteristics of identified hadrons including multi-strange particles ♣ Fluctuations in multiplicity and transverse momenta ♣ Directed and elliptic flows for various hadrons ♣ HBT and particle correlations the second stage ♣ Electromagnetic probes (photons and dileptons) Study of in-medium properties of hadrons and nuclear matter equation of state, including a search for possible signs of deconfinement and/or chiral symmetry restoration phase transitions and QCD critical endpoint in the region of √s NN =4-9 GeV Required mean luminosity is about 10 27 cm -2 s -1

46. The fundamental parameter of a KRION-type source is a factor jτ - product of electron current density and ionization time. The jτ, depends on the applied external magnetic field (now not >3T). Ionization capability (left plot) and experimental results from the ion source KRION-2 on generation of highly charged state gold ions. - Design and construction of the new heavy ion source KRION-6T aimed at generation of heavy ion beams with q/A up to 0.33 (for example Au65+  Au69+); - Study of the electron string phenomenon at different conditions (B up to 6 T, Ee up to 25 keV). The further investigation of tubular electron-string ion source; - Preparation of the existing source KRION-2 to the run at Nuclotron aimed at acceleration of the ion beams at atomic mass range A ~ 100 (for example, Xe, A=131).

48. Fig. 5. General scheme of the existing NCS. Nuclotron Control System (NCS) The NCS includes two levels: 1) the “front-end level” (FEL) based on the ADVANTECH industrial computers and 2) the “operator level” (OPL). Modernization of the FEL suppose put into operation of the new modern computers and replace some of the old data collection equipment by the advanced systems produced by National Instruments, CyberResearch, DATATRANSLATION, GaGe, ADVANTECH, ACQUITEK, MEASUREMENT COMPUTING and others. The OPL include work stations at central and local control panels of the accelerator complex. This level provide collection and visualization of the information from sub-systems, store the data archive as well as to provide direct control of accelerator system and their adjustment during the running time. Fig. 6. Structural scheme of the NCS: 50 PC’s (20 Front – End and 30 work station computers are combined in the system). The Nuclotron web- server is available for the outside users. The averaged information traffic through the NCS is reached by the present time to about 400 Kb/s while the maximum traffic value during the active part of the Nuclotron cycle is about 4 Mb/s. The NCS is distributed system, the cable distance reach of about 500 m. Structural scheme of the NCS is shown in Fig. 6. The NCS is based on the local computer network (LCN) of the accelerator complex. The LCN is a sub-unit of the LHE network. Subproject SP1.6 “Modernization of the Nuclotron control system, beam diagnostics and the accelerator complex parameters” ( leader V.Volkov, B.Vasilishin, V.Andreev)

49. Upgrade of the sub-system for the accelerator magnetic field control Practically all basic parameters will be improved substantially

50. Subproject SP1.6 “Modernization of the Nuclotron control system, beam diagnostics and the accelerator complex parameters” ( leader V.Volkov, B.Vasilishin, V.Andreev) Beam extraction control The proposed upgrade of the subsystem is based on the use of more powerful elements for the data collection, functional generator and timer units. Structural schemes of the ubsystem and the extracted beam spill feedback control apparatus are shown in Fig.8.1 and Fig. 8.2. The module 1622 YRDA by Cyber Research will be used for the data collection, while the modules PCI-6713 by National Instruments is proposed for the analogue functional generator upgrade. The pilot version of extracted beam spill control equipment is now under operation at the accelerator. The analogues MWPC, digital MWPC and scintillator counters are used for the extracted beam current monitors. Extracted beam diagnostics Coasting bunched beam diagnostics Beam loss monitoring system  The proposed system is based on registration of thermal neutrons flux near the accelerator cryostat. This sub-system contain 64 neutron detectors installed near structural quadrupoles. The test measuring channel was designed and checked.  Improvement of the existing beam closed orbit diagnostic base on 20 BPM's is planned also. Basic goal is extension of the measurements (limited at present by insufficient signal-to-noise ratio due to influence of RF acceleration stations) over the total accelerator cycle. The main disadvantage of the existing system is that all the devices are fixed at the beam line, thus additional material is crossing by the beam. Within the frames of the NICA project the movable measuring blocks will be designed and installed in vacuum boxes of the beam transfer line. R&D work on the beam monitors based on scintillator fibers (SciFi detectors, like developed within the program R&D 17 at CERN) is planned also.

51. Subproject SP1.10 “Design and construction of high intensity polarized deuteron ion source. ” (leaders V.Fimushkin, A.Kovalenko)

53. The new heavy ion source KRION-6T, upgrade of pre- accelerators and improvement of vacuum in LU-20 and injection line is supposed in the frames of project “Nuclotron-M”. The existing complex will be used for protons, deuterons, polarized deuterons and light ions (Z/A > 0.3). Design of the new pre-accelerator with injection and extraction lines (leaders A.Sidorin, V.Kobets, V.Monchinsky, A.Govorov) The limiting charge-to-mass ratio of ion accelerated in the LU-20 is q/A  0.3. The possibility of the KRION-type ion source with the magnetic field of 3 T and energy of the electron beam up to 6 keV (existing version of the source) can provide ion beam of 127 I 43+, i.e. ions with q/A ≈ 0.34. Thus, it is possible to perform a test acceleration of heavy ion beam with atomic mass of 130 at the Nuclotron after completion of the work on improvement of vacuum in the accelerator chamber. Acceleration of gold ions will be performed after construction of KRION-6T ion source. A.D. Kovalenko, Section of APT BF JINR, Dec.07

54. Beam dynamics study and minimization of the particle losses at all the stages of accelerator cycle The losses can be reduced by factor 5-6 due to improvement of RF trapping scheme and precise beam dynamics study during first 100- 200  s after injection Beam-time of 800 hours is requested in 2007-09 for the studies

55. Well focused tasks of Nuclotron-M program, 100-300 h. Pre-requisit for NICA & physics. Physics – ready to start Work with POLARIS (conditional): requires successful Nuclotron-M stages (high intensity, energy)