1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. V. Integrated CNS Function: Voluntary Motor Control Neural components for smooth voluntary movements Cortical control of voluntary movement The control of posture by the brainstem The role of the cerebellum in motor coordination The basal nuclei in motor control

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Voluntary Motor Control Completion of voluntary motor action Development of idea to move Program of motor commands Correctly activating proper muscles Feedback to ensure movement is carried out smoothly and successfully

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Processes of Voluntary Movements Figure 9.21

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Pyramidal Tracts Figure 9.22a

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Extrapyramidal Tracts Figure 9.22b

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Cerebellum: Information Flow Figure 9.23

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. VI. Integrated CNS Function: Language Two language areas Wernicke’s area Language comprehension Wernicke’s aphasia Broca’s area Language expression Broca’s aphasia

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Wernicke’s area (language comprehension) Language Areas Figure 9.14

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Broca’s area (speech formation) Wernicke’s area (language comprehension) Language Areas Figure 9.14

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. VII. Integrated CNS Function: Sleep Functions of sleep Sleep-wake cycles Electrical activity during wakefulness and sleep

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Sleep Active process Theories on purpose of sleep Lets body rest Lets brain rest Enhances memory Enhances learning Adequate immune system function Mechanisms of sleep are poorly understood

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Study of Sleep Electroencephalography Electrical activity of brain EEG Slow-wave sleep REM sleep

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Slow-Wave and REM Sleep Table 9.4

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Sleep-Wake Cycles ARAS: awakens the cortex Ascending reticular activating system Part of reticular formation Projections to thalamus, hypothalamus, and forebrain Forebrain: induces SWS

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) Figure 9.24

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Sleep-Wake Neurotransmitters Awake state Acetylcholine ARAS Mimicked by nicotine Norepinephrine and dopamine ARAS Mimicked by amphetamines and cocaine

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Sleep-Wake Neurotransmitters Sleep Adenosine SWS induced by forebrain Blocked by caffeine Acetylcholine REM sleep Pons

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. EEG: Wake and Sleep Figure 9.25a–c

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. EEG: Wake and Sleep Figure 9.25b–d

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Stages of Sleep Figure 9.26

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. VIII. Integrated CNS Function: Emotions and Motivation Figure 9.27

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. CNS Structures Involved in Emotions Amygdala Fear Anxiety Hypothalamus Anger Aggression

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. CNS Structures Involved in Emotions Midbrain Cerebral cortex Limbic system

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Motivation Motivation = drive Physiological Emotions Pleasure Strong motivating emotion Pleasure centers contain dopamine Pleasure can be addictive

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. IX. Integrated CNS Function: Learning and Memory Learning Acquisition of new information Memory Retention of information, skills, or thoughts Plasticity in the nervous system

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Learning Hippocampus important Associative learning Associate two stimuli Non-associative learning Habituation Sensitization

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Memory Processes Procedural memory = implicit Automatic response not requiring conscious effort Learned motor skills and behaviors Cerebellum involved Declarative memory = explicit Learned facts, events, and experiences Requires conscious effort for recall Hippocampus involved

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Short Term and Long Term Memory Information first stored as short term memory Lasts seconds to hours Information lost unless consolidated Consolidation from short term memory to long term memory Mechanism unknown Long term memory Lasts years to lifetime

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Plasticity in the Nervous System Learning and memory involve plasticity Development of new synapses Long term modulation of existing synapses Recently shown new neurons develop

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Long-Term Potentiation Figure 9.28a

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Long-Term Potentiation Figure 9.28b