1. © T. M. Whitmore Today Review mortality & fertility Age structure

2. © T. M. Whitmore Questions?

3. Store display in Mexico City

4. Home Día de los Muertos display

5. Decorated graves in Guatemala

8. Día de los Muertos foods, market in Morelia, Mexico

9. Día de los Muertos displays for sale, Michoacan, Mexico

10. © T. M. Whitmore Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = Average total number of births to a woman in her lifetime (superior to CBR) ~ 2.1 => parents only replacing themselves (called “replacement level fertility”)  need the extra 0.1 due to childhood deaths LA ranges from:  ~ 4 (Honduras, Guatemala, Haiti, Bolivia)  ~2 (Costa Rica, Cuba, Uruguay)

11. © T. M. Whitmore Death related (mortality) Life expectancy at birth (E o )= Average projected span of life at the date LA Range:  > 75 ( Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile)  < 70 (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Haiti, Bolivia) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)  # deaths of infants (< 1yr)/1000 live births in a given yr Range: > 30 (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti, Bolivia); < 10 (Cuba, Chile, Costa Rica)

12. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structure–youth (< 15) World 29%  Lesser developed World 32% - 35%  More Developed World ~ 17% USA 20% Latin America 30%  Central America with Mexico 34%  Caribbean 29%  South America 29% Latin American extremes Consequences

13. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structure - aged (> 65) World 7%  Lesser developed World 5%  More developed 15% USA 12% Latin America 6%  Central America with Mexico 5%  Caribbean 8%  South America 6% Latin American extremes Consequences

14. © T. M. Whitmore Population age structures Population pyramidpyramid Concept of dependency ratio  (pop aged 0-15 + pop aged 65+) *100/ Pop age 15-65 Developing world dependency ratio  100*(32% + 5%)/63% = 59 USA dependency ratio  100*(20% +12%)/68% = 47 Latin America dependency ratio  100*(30% + 6%)/64% = 56

15. © T. M. Whitmore

16. Geographic distribution of population High density zones High Low density zones  South America’s “empty heart”  Arid N Mexico (save border)  Arid areas in S cone Key growth zones  Medium and larger cities (most all population growth here)  Rural – Rural migration more a redistribution than real growth

17. © T. M. Whitmore Urbanization Proportion of a country’s population living in cities  World = 47%  USA = 79%  LA = 76%! Extremes in LA Large city urbanization in LA (% in cities > 1 million)

18. © T. M. Whitmore Urbanization II Mega-cities  Emerging Megalopolis zones  Central Mexico Central Mexico  South Brazil triangle & Río de la Plata South Brazil triangle Concept of primacy  Single city in a country that dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc.  Examples:  Santo Domingo  Guatemala City  Mexico City  Lima

19. © T. M. Whitmore Concept of primacy Single city in a country that dominates in pop, culture, economic development, etc.  Examples:  Santo Domingo  Guatemala City  Mexico City  Lima

24. LA cities in World’s top 100 (19 of the top 100)

25. © T. M. Whitmore Roots of urban growth Demographic  R—to—Urban migration  Natural increase within the city Economic  Industrialization  Rural stagnation Organizations  Banks and governments

26. © T. M. Whitmore Benefits from urban growth Efficient provision of social services Cities are centers of information flow and knowledge Concentrated (and better educated?) labor pool Physical infrastructure often better Cities concentrate “human capital” Cities are a huge internal markets Easier linkages between industries Cities are often “better off”

27. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth I Housing  First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums  Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city Elite  Often close juxtaposition of rich and poorjuxtaposition Some planned attempts to deal with thisplanned

28. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth II Self-help (often squatter) housing  Many names: Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.  2 nd destination of R migrant  Seen as places of permanence  25-40% of total pop in some cities  Initially settlements lack infrastructure  A main characteristic is improvement New trends

29. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth III Subsidy and Sink effects Congestion Pollution Loss of urban open space Poor provision of basic servicesservices Export of problems Poverty generally Employment not always good

30. Mexico City country club

31. Mexican stock exchange

32. © T. M. Whitmore Elite housing, Santo Domingo

33. © T. M. Whitmore Wealthy homes in Morelia, Mexico

34. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Elite house Cuidad Juarez

35. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

36. Planned new housing area in Mexico City

37. Nezahualcoyotl: Planned housing area in Mexico City

38. Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

39. Squatter housing in Mexico City

40. Mexico City inner city

41. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Squatters outside Lima

42. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

43. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR

44. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

45. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

46. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

47. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Lima

48. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico

49. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Saltillo

50. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

51. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

52. 300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, Mexico Entire complex has > 10,000!

53. Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

54. Mexico City on a rare clear day

55. More typical Mexico City day

56. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

57. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

58. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

59. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

60. © T. M. Whitmore The urban economy Dual system Dual  Formal Formal  corporate, government, commerce, and major businesses  Minority of jobs?  Informal Informal  services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.  Majority of jobs?

61. © T. M. Whitmore

62. Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

63. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Saltillo

64. Informal sector economy

65. © T. M. Whitmore

68. Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

70. Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers