1. Principles of Macroeconomics
ECON203, (EA) Lecture 1: Introduction Instructor: Turki Abalala

2. Class Outline Key tools and Terms of Economics:
Economics, microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice.
Two Big Economic Questions.
Goods and Services.
Circular-Flow Model

3. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
A social science that studies how people use their scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants.
It has tow major branches: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.

4. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Microeconomics:
The study of choices that individuals and business make and the way they choices interact in markets and are influenced by governments.
Macroeconomics:
The study of the aggregate effects on the national economy and the global economy of the choices that individuals , business and governments make.

5. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Economic Problem:
Basic economic problem is wants are virtually unlimited while the resources available to satisfy these wants are scarce.
Scarcity:
Our inability to satisfy all our wants.
Human and property resources are scarce, hence the goods and services we produce must be limited.
Choices:
The poor and rich alike face scarcity, so they must MAKE CHOICES.

6. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
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Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Two Big Economic Questions
Q1. How choices determine what, how, and for whom goods and services get produced?
Q2. When do choices made in self-interest also promote the social interest ?
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7. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
What Do We Produce?
We divide the vast array of goods and services produced into:
Consumption goods and services
Capital goods
Government goods and services
Export goods and services

8. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Consumption goods and services
Goods and services that are bought by individuals and used to provide personal enjoyment and contribute to a person’s standard of living.
Capital goods
Goods that are bought by businesses to increase their productive resources.

9. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Government goods and services
Goods and services that are bought by governments. Examples are missiles, bridges, and police protection.
Export goods and services
Goods and services produced in one country and sold in other countries. Examples are airplanes produced by Boeing and Citicorp banking services sold to China.

10. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
How Do We Produce?
Factors of productions are the productive resources used to produce goods and services. Factors of production are grouped into four categories:
Land
Labor
Capital
Entrepreneurship

11. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Land
It does not refer only a plots of ground but also includes all other natural resources such as crude oil, water, air, and minerals etc.
Labor
It is not simply the number of human bodies but it refers to the work time and work effort that people devote to producing goods and services. It categorized into two parts– physical and mental.

12. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Capital
In economics the term capital refers to final goods produced for use in further production. It also categorized into two parts. These are:
Physical capital: factories, machines, tools, buildings, airports, highways and other manufactured items employed to produce goods and services.
Human capital: consists of the knowledge and skill people acquire to enhance their labor productivity.

13. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Entrepreneurial Ability:
Special kind of human skill
Talent required to dream up a new product or find a better way to produce an existing one.

14. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
For Whom Do We Produce?
Factors of production are paid incomes:
Rent Income paid for the use of land.
Wages Income paid for the services of labor.
Interest Income paid for the use of capital.
Profit (or loss) Income earned by an entrepreneur for running a business.

15. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Choices made in self-interest also promote the social interest?
Choices that are the best for the individuals who makes them are choices made in the pursuit of self-interest
Choices that are the best for society as a whole are said to be in the social interest

16. Key Tools & Terms of Economics
Goods and Services:
Goods are:
Tangible items
Require scarce resources
Satisfy human wants
Services are:
Intangible items

17. Circular-Flow Model
Circular-Flow Model is a model of the economy that shows the circular flow of expenditure and income that result from decision makers’ choices and the way those choices interact to determine what, how and for whom goods and services are produced.

18. Circular-Flow Model
Households: Individuals and group of people living together. They own the factors of production.
As owners, they supply labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship to firms.
As consumers, households demand the goods and services produced.
Firms: Institutions that organize the production of goods and services.
Demand the factors of production.
Supply the goods and services.

19. Circular-Flow Model
Markets: Any arrangement that bring buyers and sellers together and enable them to get information and do business with each other.
Goods markets: Markets in which goods and services are exchanged (bought and sold).
Factors Markets: Markets in which the services of factors of production are exchanged (bought and sold). Labor, or job, market is the most important of the resource markets.

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Circular-Flow Model
Households supply resources in the factor markets and demand goods and services in the goods market.
Goods and services bought
supplied
Firms supply goods and services in goods market and demand resources in the factor market
Rent, wages, interest, and profit
Expenditure on goods and services
Money flows in factor market determines wages (labor), interest (capital), rents (land), and profits (entrepreneurship) which flow as income to households
Factor markets determine the prices for goods and services which flow as revenue to firms
Labor, land, capital, entrepreneurship hired
Goods and services supplied
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21. Circular-Flow Model Real Flows:
The services of factors of production that go from households through factor markets to firms.
The goods and services that go from firms through goods markets to households.
Money Flows:
The income earned by the factors of production.
The expenditure on goods and services.

22. Circular-Flow Model Governments
Governments are divided into two broad levels:
Federal Government
State and local government

23. Circular-Flow Model Federal Government
The federal government’s major expenditures are to provide
Goods and services (including legal system and national defense).
Social Security and welfare benefits (including income for retired people and transfers to households)
Transfers to state and local governments

24. Circular-Flow Model
The federal government finances its expenditures by collecting taxes. The main taxes are
1. Personal income taxes
2. Corporate (business) taxes
3. Social Security taxes

25. Circular-Flow Model State and Local Governments
State and local governments expenditures provide
Goods and services (including police, schools, roads…etc)
Welfare benefits (including unemployment benefits)
State and local governments finance these expenditures by collecting taxes. The main taxes levied are
Sales taxes
Property taxes
State income taxes

26. Circular-Flow Model Governments In the Circular Flow
Households and firms pay
taxes and receive transfers.
Governments buy goods
and services from firms.

27. Reference
Chapter 1-3 “Foundations of Macroeconomics”: for circular-flow model see pages.48-51

28. Now it’s over for today. Any question?
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Now it’s over for today.
Any question?
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