1. UPRM Center Rafael Aramis López LEAD TEACHER

2. The Universe is made of Quarks and Leptons Everything from galaxies to mountains, to molecules is made from “First Generation” quarks and leptons. Quarks behave differently than leptons for each kind of matter particle there is a corresponding antimatter particle.

3. Matter and Antimatter Matter and Antimatter For every type of matter particle we've found, there also exists a corresponding antimatter particle, or antiparticle. Antiparticles look and behave just like their corresponding matter particles, except they have opposite charges.

4. What Powers the Sun? Its Source of Energy The Sun is a big thermonuclear reactor that works by converting hydrogen into helium. Chemical Reaction?Gravitational Contraction?

5. Sun Facts Average distance from Earth = 93 million miles (~150 million km) Radius = 418,000 miles (696,000 km) Mass = 1.99 x 1030 kg (330,000 Earth masses) Makeup (by mass) = 74% H, 25% He 1% other elements 1% other elements Average Temp. = 5,800 Kelvin (surface) 15.5 million Kelvin (core) 15.5 million Kelvin (core) Average density = 1.41 grams / cm3 Rotational period = 25 days (center) to 35 days (poles) to 35 days (poles)

6. The Sun’s Interior The Core, at about 15,000,000 K, is the source of the Sun’s energy. The site of the thermonuclear fusion.

7. 4 1 H --> 4 He + 4 1 H --> 4 He + energy Thermonuclear Fusion Reaction Its Source of Energy Energy Produced = 0.007(mass of 4 1 H) c 2

8. Solar Energy Production To get the positively-charged nuclei to fuse together, their electrical repulsion must be overcome.

9. Solar Energy Production

13. One helium nucleus has 99.3% of the weight of four hydrogen nuclei. This excess of 0.7% of hydrogen mass compared with helium mass is converted into energy. Mass to Energy! The creation of each helium nucleus requires four hydrogen nuclei. We can calculate the amount of energy create from the excess of mass by using E=mC 2.

14. The net result is 6 1 H + 2 e --> 4 He + 2 1 H + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons or 4 1 H + 2 e --> 4 He + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons The net energy release is 26 MeV! Solar Energy Production

15. Neutrino, Italian word for little neutral, was the term used by Enrico Fermi to name it. Solar Neutrinos Neutrinos existence was suggested by Wolfgang Pauli in 1931. Their existence was confirmed with the discovery of the Neutron in 1932.

16. Neutrinos are tiny, electrically neutral, sub-atomic particles. They interact so weak with other matter. It’s the most mysterious of the known particles. Physicist have gathered strong evidence for neutrino oscillations. Neutrinos are their own antiparticle. Neutrinos

17. Neutron Decay

18. Super-Kamiokande Large 50,000 ton tank of highly purified water, located about 2700 meters underground in the Mozumi Mine. The walls are lined with 11,146 photomultiplier tubes. They are very sensitive light detectors and they can detect single photons.

19. Super-Kamiokande Super-Kamiokande is a ring-imaging water Cerenkov detector. Electricaly charged particles (with large energy) traveling in water produces Cerenkov light.

20. What are Neutrinos Telling Us? DARK MATTER? DARK ENERGY? EXTRA DIMENSIONS? ANTIMATTER? COSMIC INFLATION?