1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The West 17

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Beyond the Frontier Western Plains - Great American Desert Beyond Mississippi – “uninhabitable” Most pre-Civil War settlers head directly for Pacific Coast 1870 – 1900 triple white population on Plains

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Physiographic Map of the U.S.

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Crushing the Native Americans Before settlement – Unfinished Business 1867 - 250,000 Indians in western U.S. – Displaced Eastern Indians – Native Plains Indians (Sioux, Pawnee, Apache, Comanche, Cheyenne, Shoshoni) U.S. government tries various policies to deal with Native Americans By the 1890s, Indian cultures crumble

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Life of the Plains Indians: Political Organization Plains Indians nomadic and warlike, hunt buffalo – Skilled horsemen – horses very important – Tribes develop warrior class – Wars limited to skirmishes, “counting coups” Complex tribal bands and cultures governed by chief and council Work assigned on basis of gender Loose organization confuses federal policy Trade important to Indians

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Searching for an Indian Policy Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 excludes any white from Indian country without a license Land regarded as one big Indian preserve

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Native Americans in the West: Major Battles and Reservations

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Searching for an Indian Policy After gold rush, by 1850, more whites in Indian Country Wagon trains crossing West Prospectors kept finding gold and silver in West Plans for transcontinental railroad Government wanted to settle the West

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “As Long As Waters Run”: Searching For An Indian Policy Concentration Policy – Government confines Indians to certain areas and boundaries Indians given land for “as long as water runs and grass grows” Conflicts eventually changes policy 1864, John Chivington and the Sand Creek massacre Sioux War of 1865 – 1867 and Fetterman Massacre

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Chief Black Kettle Southern Cheyenne Sand Creek Massacre

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Searching for an Indian Policy Debate over Indian policy –East - Humanitarians/Reformers want to “civilize” Indians –West - wants firm control and swift reprisal Humanitarians win with “small reservation” policy – Goal is for Indians to become farmers and civilized Children sent to white schools in East 1871 – Government stops dealing with Native American tribes as sovereign nations

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Final Battles on the Plains Small reservation policy fails – Young warriors refuse restraint – White settlers encroach on Indian lands – Life of poverty and isolation for Indians Final series of wars suppress Indians – 1876, Little Big Horn: Sioux defeat Custer – Largest Indian Army ever assembled in U.S. and largest Indian victory – Most battles result in Indian defeat, massacre – 1890, Wounded Knee: Massacre of Sioux to suppress “Ghost Dances” – seen as a cult

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Lt Colonel Armstrong George Armstrong Little Bighorn Indian victory

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The End of Tribal Life 1887: Dawes Severalty Act – Destroys communal ownership of Indian land – Gives small farms to each head of a family – Indians who leave tribes become U.S. citizens Most devastating blow to Plains Indians was near-extermination of buffalo Buffalo – main Indian resource and basis for their unique way of life

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands GOVERNMENT INDIAN POLICY Prior to 1849 Gold Rush – One Big Reservation 1851 Concentration 1867 Small Reservations 1870/1880s Assimilation 1887 Dawes Severalty Act 1934 Indian Reorganization Act

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Settlement of the West Unprecedented settlement 1870–1900 Most move west in periods of prosperity Most settlers went west for economic reasons Rising population drives demand for Western goods People made effort to keep migration familiar – travel with family groups

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Men and Women on the Overland Trail California gold rush begins Great Migration to California and Oregon over Overland Trail Settlers start from St. Louis, Missouri, in April to get through Rockies before snow Pacific trek takes at least 6 months Settlers face new challenges not experienced back home

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands FEDERAL GOVERNMENT – LARGEST LAND OWNER 1860–1900: Federal land grants –48 million acres granted under Homestead Act –100 million acres sold to private companies individuals, corporations –128 million acres granted to railroad – Government gave most to railroads –Homestead Act failed because land was too arid for farming

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land for the Taking: Speculators and Railroads Most land acquired by wealthy investors Speculators send agents to stake out best land for high prices –River bottoms –Irrigable areas – Control of water – dominant issue in West Railroads sell grants of land to immigrants

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Bonanza West Quest to “get rich quick” produces: – Uneven growth – Boom-and-bust economic cycles – Wasted resources – “Instant cities” like San Francisco Institutions based on bonanza mentality People rushed West for economic reasons and cities spring up

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Mining Bonanza Mining first attraction to the West – Individual prospectors remove surface gold, Placer mining – Big corporations move in with the heavy, expensive mining equipment 1874–1876: Black Hills gold rush overruns Sioux hunting grounds

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Regions of the West

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Camp Life Camps sprout with each first strike Camps governed by simple democracy Men outnumber women two to one Most men, some women work claims Most women earn wages as cooks, housekeepers, and seamstresses

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Ethnic Hostility 25–50% of camp citizens were foreign- born French, Latin Americans, Chinese hated 1850: California Foreign Miner’s Tax drives foreigners out 1882: Federal Chinese Exclusion Act suspends Chinese immigration for 10 years – few Chinese came into Country

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mining Bonanza: Effects of the Mining Boom Contributed millions to economy Comstock Lode – Virginia City, Nevada, largest discovery of gold and silver Helped finance Civil War, industrialization Early statehood for Nevada, Idaho, Montana Caused problems for Indians Scarred, polluted environment Ghost towns

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza The Far West ideal for cattle grazing Joseph McCoy responsible for trail drive Cattle drives take herds to railroads Trains take herds to Chicago for processing Profits enormous for large ranchers Cowboys work long hours for little pay Half of cowboys were Black or Mexican Rules governed behavior on the trail Cattlemen’s Boom – railroads and population in East

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Cattle Trails

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza By 1880, wheat farmers begin fencing range Mechanization modernizes ranching 1886: Harsh winter kills thousands of cattle Overproduction/overgrazing Ranchers reduce herds and crossbreed with other type cattle, switch to sheep

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Sodbusters on the Plains: The Farming Bonanza 1870–1890 farm population triples on plains (Homestead Act) Settlers come for economic opportunity African American “Exoduster” farmers migrate from the South to escape racism Water, building materials (lumber) scarce Sod houses common Houses are isolated

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands New Farming Methods Barbed wire allows fencing without wood – allows farmers to pen animals Dry farming: Deeper tilling, use of mulch Chilled iron plow New strains of wheat resistant to frost 1885–1890: Drought ruins small scale bonanza farms Diversified farming adopted

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Discontent on the Farm Farmers’ grievances: – Declining crop prices – Rising rail rates – Heavy mortgages The Grange starts as social organization and later farmer alliances become a political lobby

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Final Fling 1889: Oklahoma (Indian Territory) opened to white settlement Boomers waited and Sooners jumped the gun to gain