1. Open Heart Surgery

2. Most Common Types Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Heart Valve Procedures Heart Transplant Thoracic Aortic Aorta Procedures

3. Heart-Lung Machine Cardiopulmonary Bypass: temporarily takes over function of heart and lungs

4. Problems Postperfusion Syndrome - neurocognitive impairments Hemolysis Capillary Leak Syndrome Clotting of Blood Air Embolism

5. Patent Foramen Ovale

6. About it: Opening doesn’t properly close after infancy Present in 1 in 4 adults Usually causes no problems or symptoms Little blood exchange except in high pressure, such as coughing Possibly linked to strokes and migraines

7. Catheter-based procedures Heart issues Catheter inserted into femoral artery Travels to heart Carries tools to solve the problem.

8. MEMS Microelectromechanical systems Broad uses: sensors, actuators, structure In BE: mechanical/electrical/chemical/optical – Genomic/proteomic/cDNA microassays – Structure & microfluidic cell culture in Tissue Eng – Implantable microelectrodes (prosthetics) – Drug delivery (release chips) – Surgical tools

9. MEMS: Cardiovascular Microtools: less invasive, can have built-in sensors, and robotic surgery Sensors: catheters covered in MEMs – Measure localized blood pressure, flow, oxygen/chemical content, temperature – No need for wires/batteries: magnetically powered, transmits wirelessly