1. Subjunctive Uses I

2. Dependent Subjunctives We come to school so that we can learn Latin. main clause subordinate clause

3. Purpose Clauses The First of the Dependent Subjunctives that we will learn is the Purpose Clause. The Purpose Clause is a subordinate clause in the Subjunctive that explains the reason why the subject performed the action of the verb. I ran to class so that I wouldn’t be late. We go to school so that we might learn.

4. Purpose Clauses In English, we can form purpose clauses in a variety of ways. The two most prevalent ways are: - “so that” I ran to class so that I wouldn’t be late. - infinitive or “in order to” We go to school (in order) to learn.

5. Purpose Clauses In Latin, there is only one way to create a purpose clause, and that is with the word “ut”. Caesar gladium capit ut pugnet. Caesar grabs a sword in order to fight. One can negate the purpose clause by using the word “ne” in place of “ut”. Caesar pugnat ne patria capiatur. Caesar fights so that the country might not be captured.

6. Purpose Clauses Hunc tibi donō ut omnēs facta Romanōrum intellegant. I give this to you so that all may know the deeds of the Romans. Hunc tibi donāvī ut omnēs facta Romanōrum intellegerent. I gave this to you so that all knew / would know the deeds of the Romans. Caesar pugāvit ut Romam ē servitute liberāret. Caesar fought in order to free Rome from slavery.

7. Practice 1.Poētam audiō ut sapientiam eius accipiam. I listen to the poet in order to receive his wisdom. 2.Poēta canēbat ut laetus esset rēx. The poet was singing so that the king would be happy. 3.Bellum ācriter gerēmus ut prōvincia sit lībera. We wage war bitterly so that the province will be free. 4.Bellum ā nostrīs gestum est nē hostēs prōviniās teneant. War has been waged by us so that the enemies don’t occupy the provinces. 5.Tū cum sociīs ad īnsulam missus es ut verba rēgis ad incolās ferrēs. You were sent with the allies to the island so that you would bring the words of the king to the inhabitants.

8. Result Clauses

9. The Next of the Dependent Subjunctives that we will learn is the Result Clause. The Result Clause is a subordinate clause in the Subjunctive that explains an action that has occurred or is likely to occur as a result of the main clause. The best use of the result clause in English is the “Yo mama” joke.

10. Not yo’ mama’s Result Clause Yo mama so stupid that she went to the orthodontist to get a blue tooth Yo mama so fat that she eats Wheat Thicks. Yo mama so nasty that she made speed stick slow down. Yo mama so ugly that not even goldfish crackers smile Back.

11. Result Clauses In all of those examples, the presence of the result clause is signaled by two words. Yo mama so ugly that she made an onion cry. The two words that signal a result clause in English are so and that. The so is used to modify an adjective/adverb. The that introduces the result clause proper.

12. Result Clauses In Latin, the same two words are used to signal the result clause: There are a good amount of so words that can be used, but most of them are the T correlatives: So words tamso talis, talesuch tantus, a, umso much/great totso many adeoto such an extent sicthus itain such a manner

13. Result Clauses In Latin, the same two words are used to signal the result clause: There is only one that word in Latin: ut. So…. Tua mater est tam deformis ut Cicero, cum eam videret, quieverit. Yo mama so ugly that Cicero was struck dumb, when he saw her.

14. Result Clauses Result Clauses also can be negative as well: Ita dixerat ut non sententiam intellegerem. She had spoken in such a manner that I did not understand (her) opinion. When one introduces a negative result clause, one does not use ne, but instead uses ut non. This shift in negative expression helps to differentiate result clauses from purpose clauses.

15. Practice 1.Mater tua est tam obesa ut urbs, cum Romae sit, VIII collēs habeat. Yo mama so fat that the city has 8 hills when she is in Rome. 2.Tot signa ā dīs missa sunt ut nōn errāre possimus. So many signs have been sent from the gods that we are not able to err. 3.Nostrī tam fortiter pugnāverant ut ab imperatore ipsō sint laudatī. Our men had fought so bravely that they were praised by the general himself.