1. Chapter 5 – Working in Diverse Teams

2.  Current increase in organizations’ use of work teams to: ◦ Achieve strategic objectives ◦ Produce goods and services ◦ Design new products ◦ Solve organizational problems ◦ Lead organizations  Teams are used across all industries and global organizations

3.  Definition: When men’s and women’s behavior in teams or experiences as team members differ  In mixed-sex teams: ◦ Sex is a distinguishing factor between others ◦ Influences interactions ◦ Influences the evaluation of behaviors

4.  Communication style ◦ Self-assertion and dominance (male associated) ◦ Deference and warmth (female associated)  Behavior types ◦ Task behaviors  Males devote a somewhat higher percentage of communications to task behavior ◦ Social behaviors  Women display a higher percentage of positive social behaviors

5.  Men: ◦ Have more positive evaluations of their task contributions ◦ Tend to have more influence in mixed-sex teams ◦ Are more likely to become informal leaders

6.  Women: ◦ Tend to devalue their own performances ◦ Are judged on a higher standard ◦ Receive less social support from team members when recognized as better performers ◦ Are more influenced than men

7.  Female behaviors ◦ Confidence, assertiveness  Receive less feedback, makes a woman less influential, especially among male team members  Increases influence among other women  Viewed as less likeable than male counterpart ◦ Assertiveness combined with “friendly, nice” behaviors  Demonstrates a desire to help the entire group  Combination not required of men

8.  How does team composition affect women’s and men’s experiences as team members?  Factors to consider: ◦ If the individual’s sex in the group is a minority ◦ Women vs. men in the minority ◦ Exact number of each sex within the group

9. Two Extremes: Uniform and Balanced groups  Uniform groups ◦ All males or all females (no sex issues)  Balanced groups ◦ Approximately equal numbers of women and men

10. Between Uniform and Balanced  Skewed groups ◦ Ratio of one sex to another 85:15 to nearly 100:0 ◦ Dominants vs. Tokens ◦ Tokens are viewed as representatives of their sex  Tilted groups ◦ Ratio of one sex to another 65:35 to 85:15 ◦ Minorities tend to ally, and are distinguishable from each other and the majority

11.  How are tokens treated? ◦ Seen as representatives of their sex, not individuals ◦ Receive special treatment detrimental to:  Performance  Attachment to the group ◦ Face performance pressures, due to high visibility ◦ Work harder to have accomplishments recognized ◦ Excluded from social activities ◦ May experience stereotyping effects

12.  Research has shown that… ◦ Women typically feel the negative effects of token status, especially in male-intensive settings ◦ Men experience attention that works to their advantage in female-intensive settings  Nursing example ◦ Men are very (negatively) sensitive to sex composition changes from male-dominance to a more balanced group

13.  Pessimistic view ◦ Identification with similar others causes members to reject those who are different ◦ Leads to:  Factions  Conflict  Communication breakdowns ◦ Group performance and member satisfaction are impaired

14.  Optimistic view ◦ Differences among members enhance creativity and problem-solving ability ◦ More likely to occur on complex tasks and innovation ◦ Greater diversity increases interaction and decreases prejudice and stereotyping ◦ Improves relations among team members

15.  Mixed results  Recognize: sex diversity has advantages and disadvantages  Set goals: maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages

16.  Team demographic composition ◦ More subgroups = less negative effects  Team longevity ◦ Greater team longevity = less importance in sex composition  Sex-neutral, cooperative tasks  Electronic communication technologies ◦ Reduce sex-based categorization ◦ Benefits women more than men

17.  Demographics of the larger organization  Sex composition of the top management team ◦ Can influence the relative status of women and men in smaller teams  Organizational culture and values ◦ A cooperative culture reduces negative effects of sex diversity ◦ An inclusive diversity culture stresses equality and recognizes merits of all types of individuals  Societal culture

18. Proactive Tips for Organizations and Team Leaders 1. Strive for diverse work teams, but do not select members based solely on sex or demographic characteristics. 2. Select members with values and skills conducive to teamwork. 3. Structure work assignments to require cooperation among members. 4. Make a wide array of electronic communication technologies available to the team. 5. Do not assign tasks to team members on the basis of sex.

19. Proactive Tips for Organizations and Team Leaders (cont’d) 6. Encourage rotation of roles and tasks to develop team members competencies in all areas and roles. 7. Reward team AND individual performances. 8. Train team members on how to manage team processes and deal with difficulties from stereotyping and dissimilarity. 9. Publicize qualifications of all individuals assigned to teams as leaders or members. 10. Coach leaders on how to encourage expression of diverse points of view and discourage dysfunctional team processes.

20. Proactive Tips for Team Members 1. Understand how your sense of self-identity influences your interactions with other team members. 2. Guard against your own stereotypes and prejudices as you evaluate others’ behavior. 3. Build good relationships with other members of your team. 4. Majority group members: do not subject minority team members to performance pressures or exaggerate differences between your group and theirs. 5. Minority group members: take actions to enhance your own power and guard against stereotypes that limit your behavior and abilities.

21.  Sex effects  Sex similarity effects  Sex diversity effects  Self-assertion and dominance  Deference and warmth  Task Behaviors  Social Behaviors  Task contributions  Social support  Influence  Informal leader  Uniform groups  Balanced groups  Skewed groups  Tilted groups  Tokens in skewed groups  Pessimistic view of sex diversity effects  Optimistic view of sex diversity effects  Overall demographic composition  Longevity  Sex-neutral, cooperative tasks  Electronic communication technologies  Demographic composition of the larger organization  Top management team sex composition  Cooperative culture  Inclusive diversity culture