1. The Story of Psychology Bebe, Abby, Shukri and Kashii

2. Psychology The approach of psychology was through the curiosity of our human natures, such as how does our mind and body relate? Does our knowledge come from nature or nurture? Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato - They were the first men to approach to the idea of which the mind is separable from body and continues after death. Aristotle- He was a former student of Plato, which he denied Socrates and Plato’s idea through careful observations. He believe that knowledge was not pre existing, however, it it is through nurture, which our knowledge grows from experiences that is stored in our memories.

3. Gestalt:the study of perception and behavior from the standpoint of an individual's response to configurational wholes with stress on the uniformity of psychological and physiological events and rejection of analysis into discrete events of stimulus, percept, and response Psychoanalytic: focuses on the importance of the unconscious mind Psychodynamic: interaction of various conscious and unconscious mental or emotional processes, especially as they influence personality, behavior, and attitudes.

4. Theoretical Approaches Empiricism- The view that knowledge come from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment. ( NATURE) Structuralism- An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the element structure of human mind EX: Titchener’s experience which he trained people to use their immediate senses and reflect it looking inward from their external observations. Functionalism- A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral process function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish. EX: William James evolved the functions of our thoughts and feelings. Why we smell objects? We are capable of smelling because it was adaptive by our ancestor’s survival.

5. ...... ●Max Wertheimer – founded Gestalt Psychology. The whole is more than the sum of it ’ s parts ●Example : A beautiful painting -A painting is more than just colors and line – its an experience ●Psychoanalytic Approach – Focuses on unconscious internal conflicts to explain mental disorders, personality, and motivation. ●Sigmund Freud developed this approach and focused on unconscious desires. ●Psychodynamic Approach – Those that varied Freud ’ s ideas but kept with the roots of psychoanalysis. ●Humanistic Approach – Emphasises the importance of people ’ s feelings and view human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking. - Abraham Maslow ( Hierarchy of Needs ) and Carl Rogers ( Unconditional Positive Regard led the charge.

6. What is psychology? It is the science of behavior and mental processes. The behavior is observed through our actions, such as smiling, blinking, talking and etc. Mental is the internal subjective experiences, it is our thoughts, feelings sensations, beliefs and etc.

7. Contemporary Psychology Nature-Nurture: This is the biggest controversial topic upon biological versus experience make to develop psychological traits and behavior. The truth is both, however, even that answer is debatable. Natural Selection: Charles Darwin’s big idea, which he believed that among those with the contribution of reproduction and survival are more likely to pass their superiority to the next generations.

8. ....... ● Cognitive Approach – Emphasizes the importance of receiving, storing, and processing information. ● Biological Approach – Examines how complex chemical and biological processes within the nervous and endocrine systems are related to the behavior of organisms. ● Evolutionary Approach –Attempts to explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected to increase reproductive success. ● This approach uses Darwin’s theory of natural selection as a basis. ● Biopsychosocial - Is a medical model that attempts to demonstrate links between multiple body systems and human environment that create risks for illness.

9. Fields of Psychology ●Clinical- make up the single largest specialty area in psychology. -Clinicians are psychologists who assess, diagnose and treat mental illnesses. - They frequently work in mental health centers, private or group practices or hospitals. -Some professionals are generalists and work with a wide range of clients, while others specialize in treating certain types of psychological disorders or a certain age group. -usually perform a wide range of tasks on a daily basis such as interviewing patients, conducting assessments, giving diagnostic tests, performing psychotherapy and administering programs. ●Cognitive- is the scientific study of mind and mental function, including learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making. -The modern study of cognition rests on the premise that the brain can be understood as a complex computing system

10. ...... ● Counseling- perform many of the same tasks that clinical psychologists do, but counseling psychologists tend to work with clients suffering from less severe forms of mental illness. -Counseling psychology focuses on providing therapeutic treatments to clients who experience a wide variety of symptoms. ● Developmental- is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life. -Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan. ●Education- involves the study of how people learn, including topics such as student outcomes, the instructional process, individual differences in learning, gifted learners and learning disabilities. - -includes the social, emotional and cognitive processes that are involved in learning throughout the entire lifespan. ● Experimental- conduct research on the behavior of humans and animals. -They often work at universities, private research centers, government agencies and nonprofit organizations. -Some major areas of research include substance abuse, genetics, neuroscience, motivation and cognitive processes

11. .... ● Human Factors- that focuses on a range of different topics, including ergonomics, workplace safety, human error, product design, human capability and human- computer interaction. - works to apply principles of psychology to designing products and creating work environments that boost productivity while minimizing safety issues ● Industrial-Organizational- focuses on workplace behavior and is one of the fastest growing specialty areas in psychology. -tries to understand and measure human behavior to improve employees ●Personality- Personality is made up the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. It arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life ●Social-are focused on understanding how interactions with other people impact individual and group behavior. -These professionals often work in areas such as market research, organizational management, systems design and other applied areas.

12. Historical Figures in Psychology Mary Whiton Calkins:  A student of William James  First female president of the American Psychological Association  Denied the PhD she earned from harvard because of her gender  Memory researcher Charles Darwin:  “Father of Evolutionary Psychology”  English Naturalist  Proposed the scientific theory, called natural selection. (survival of the fittest) Dorothea Dix:  American Activist  Helped improve conditions of mental patients  Created the first generation of mental asylums

13. Sigmund Freud:  Founded psychoanalysis  Believed interactions between the conscious and unconscious mind shaped behavior G. Stanley Hall:  Founded the American Psychological Association  Became first president of the APA  Also established the first psychology research laboratory in the U.S William James:  philosopher-psychologist  1st Psychology textbook  Evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings Ivan Pavlov:  Russian Psychologist  Known for his salivating dogs experiment; classical conditioning

14. J ean Piaget:  Swiss psychologist  Known for his studies of cognitive development in children  Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. Sensorimotor, 2. Preoperational, 3. Concrete operational and 4. Formal operational Carl Rogers:  Humanistic psychologist  Unconditional positive regard  stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth through his client centered theory B.F Skinner:  Behaviorist  Reinforcements and punishments/consequences shape behavior  Rejected introspection

15. John B. Watson:  Behaviorist  Studied behaviors of people and their reactions to a given situation  Little Albert study: Little boy taught to fear a white rat Wilhelm Wundt:  Believer in introspection  Structuralism theory  Set up first psychological lab (Germany) Margaret Floy Washburn:  First female to actually be given a PhD in Psychology  2nd president of APA  Studied animal behavior