1. Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing John Stasko Spring 2007 This material has been developed by Georgia Tech HCI faculty, and continues to evolve. Contributors include Gregory Abowd, Al Badre, Jim Foley, Elizabeth Mynatt, Jeff Pierce, Colin Potts, Chris Shaw, John Stasko, and Bruce Walker. Permission is granted to use with acknowledgement for non-profit purposes. Last revision: January 2007.

2. 6750-Spr ‘07 2 Agenda Area overviewArea overview Four themesFour themes Challenges/issuesChallenges/issues

3. 6750-Spr ‘07 3 Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing Move beyond desktop machineMove beyond desktop machine Computing is embedded everywhere in the environmentComputing is embedded everywhere in the environment http://www.dreamlg.com/en/ref/internet/introduction_tv.shtml

4. 6750-Spr ‘07 4 Marc Weiser: The Father of Ubicomp Chief Technologist Xerox PARCChief Technologist Xerox PARC Began Ubiquitous Computing Project in 1988Began Ubiquitous Computing Project in 1988 Died April 27, 1999Died April 27, 1999

5. 6750-Spr ‘07 5 Weiser on Ubicomp Read his Scientific American article from 1991Read his Scientific American article from 1991 “The most profound technologies are those that disappear.”“The most profound technologies are those that disappear.”

6. 6750-Spr ‘07 6 Ubicomp Notions Computing capabilities, any time, any placeComputing capabilities, any time, any place –Handheld, wearable, architecturally implanted “Invisible” or taken-for-granted resources“Invisible” or taken-for-granted resources Machines sense users’ presence and act accordinglyMachines sense users’ presence and act accordingly –We don’t “use” such resources; we make use of them Automatic hand soap dispenser

7. 6750-Spr ‘07 7 Critical Technical Issues LocationLocation –Knowledge of “where” substitutes for intelligence ScaleScale –One size does not fit all needs NetworkingNetworking –Constant connectivity, wired and wireless

8. 6750-Spr ‘07 8 Location services OutdoorOutdoor –Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) IndoorIndoor –Active badges, electronic tags –Vision –Motion detectors, keyboard activity Indoor/OutdoorIndoor/Outdoor –Beacon-based techniques (WiFi, GSM)

9. 6750-Spr ‘07 9 Device scales InchInch –PDAs –PARCTAB –Voice Recorders –Smart phones

10. 6750-Spr ‘07 10 Device scales FootFoot –notebooks –tablets –digital paper

11. 6750-Spr ‘07 11 Device scales YardYard –Electronic whiteboards –Plasma displays –Smart bulletin boards

12. 6750-Spr ‘07 12 Video Examples Ambient Room - H. Ishii, CHI ‘98Ambient Room - H. Ishii, CHI ‘98 Beyond the Desktop - J. Rekimoto, CHI ‘00Beyond the Desktop - J. Rekimoto, CHI ‘00

13. 6750-Spr ‘07 13 Four Themes 1.Natural/Implicit interfaces 2.Automated capture of experiences with easy access 3.Context-aware/sensitive interactions and applications 4.Ubiquitous services independent of devices/platforms

14. 6750-Spr ‘07 14 1. Natural/Implicit Interfaces How do input and output change?How do input and output change? InputInput –Towards implicit information –Feeds context-aware computing (later) OutputOutput –Towards distributed, peripheral and ambient displays

15. 6750-Spr ‘07 15 Ideas Computer interfaces and devices are more natural interaction toolsComputer interfaces and devices are more natural interaction tools –Pen input –Speech –Gesture –Tangible interfaces

16. 6750-Spr ‘07 16 Examples Pen applicationsPen applications T9 predictive text entry demo (R. Groeneweg)T9 predictive text entry demo (R. Groeneweg) http://hcc.cc.gatech.edu/hccvideos/commvids.html Speech applicationsSpeech applications H. Ishii’s tangible UI workH. Ishii’s tangible UI work

17. 6750-Spr ‘07 17 Wearable Computing Computation devices accompany you, rather than you seeking them outComputation devices accompany you, rather than you seeking them out T. StarnerT. Starner

18. 6750-Spr ‘07 18 Implicit input at GT The Gesture Pendant

19. 6750-Spr ‘07 19 Input Challenges Errors are more likely (handwriting recognition, speech, …)Errors are more likely (handwriting recognition, speech, …) –How can the system discover that an error has occurred? Implies the need for independent confirmation (e.g. repeating back), which is an obstacle to interactionImplies the need for independent confirmation (e.g. repeating back), which is an obstacle to interaction –How can errors be corrected? A room doesn’t have a help menuA room doesn’t have a help menu Is there truly a comparative advantage over more traditional input mechanisms?Is there truly a comparative advantage over more traditional input mechanisms?

20. 6750-Spr ‘07 20 What about output Multiple displaysMultiple displays –Managing multiple monitors –Distributed in environment Ambient displaysAmbient displays –Controlling environment for output Peripheral displaysPeripheral displays –Non attention-grabbing information displays

21. 6750-Spr ‘07 21 Multiple monitors Pros: Real estate! Cons: Input slowed Applications not multi-mon aware

22. 6750-Spr ‘07 22 Distributed in Environment The Everywhere Display Project at IBMThe Everywhere Display Project at IBM

23. 6750-Spr ‘07 23 Ambient and Peripheral Displays Ambient – A property of the display’s relationship to the environmentAmbient – A property of the display’s relationship to the environment Peripheral – A property of the display’s relationship to the user’s attention, e.g., background and foregroundPeripheral – A property of the display’s relationship to the user’s attention, e.g., background and foreground

24. 6750-Spr ‘07 24 Ambient Displays 1 The Dangling StringThe Dangling String –http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/ calmtech/calmtech.htm AmbientOrbAmbientOrb –http://www.ambientdevices.com/

25. 6750-Spr ‘07 25 Ambient Displays 2 Information PercolatorInformation Percolator –http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~hudson/bubbles/ Ambient TrolleyAmbient Trolley http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/ii/trolleyhttp://www.gvu.gatech.edu/ii/trolley

26. 6750-Spr ‘07 26 Peripheral Displays Kimura InfoCanvas SideShow

27. 6750-Spr ‘07 27 2. Automated Capture & Access Use of computers to preserve records of the live experience for future use  allowing the human user to engage in the activity with knowledge that details will be available later (Abowd & Mynatt 2000)Use of computers to preserve records of the live experience for future use  allowing the human user to engage in the activity with knowledge that details will be available later (Abowd & Mynatt 2000) MotivationMotivation –Record-taking is hard –Multiple streams of information need to be captured –Machines are better at some of these things than we are Points of consideration:Points of consideration: –Capture needs to be natural –User access is important –Details of an experience is recorded as streams of information

28. 6750-Spr ‘07 28 Examples Meeting capture (scribe at Xerox PARC), Mark WeiserMeeting capture (scribe at Xerox PARC), Mark Weiser Classroom 2000/eClass at GTClassroom 2000/eClass at GT IBM TeamSpaceIBM TeamSpace

29. 6750-Spr ‘07 29 LiveBoard

30. 6750-Spr ‘07 30 eClass / Classroom 2000 Captures:Captures: –presentation slides –annotations –audio/video –URLs visited Automatically generates Web accessible notes

31. 6750-Spr ‘07 31 IBM TeamSpace Create and manage meetings, users, agendas, action items, presentationsCreate and manage meetings, users, agendas, action items, presentations Conduct meetings using synchronous tools:Conduct meetings using synchronous tools: –slide annotation –low-bandwidth video –agenda viewer –action item viewer

32. 6750-Spr ‘07 32 Issues Stream integration -- At what level?Stream integration -- At what level? –Very finest level of actions or more coarse? Modifying a record after the factModifying a record after the fact –Can student notes be added later? Networked interactionNetworked interaction –Why can’t your notes be put up on the Liveboard?

33. 6750-Spr ‘07 33 3. Context-Aware Computing Computing services sense aspects of environment (location, user emotion,…) and tailor provided servicesComputing services sense aspects of environment (location, user emotion,…) and tailor provided services –Precursor: Soap dispensing –Idea: Walk into conference room, my email is projected on a big screen there …But what if other people can see?…But what if other people can see? We need a broad an operational definition of “context”We need a broad an operational definition of “context”

34. 6750-Spr ‘07 34 What is Context? Any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entityAny information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity Who, what, where, whenWho, what, where, when Why is it important?Why is it important? –information, usually implicit, that applications do not have access to –It’s input that you don’t get in a GUI

35. 6750-Spr ‘07 35 How to Use Context To present relevant information to someoneTo present relevant information to someone –Mobile tour guide To perform an action automaticallyTo perform an action automatically –Print to nearest printer To show an action that use can chooseTo show an action that use can choose –Want to phone the number in this email?

36. 6750-Spr ‘07 36 Examples Active Badge & PARCTabActive Badge & PARCTab Shopping assistantShopping assistant CyberguideCyberguide Perception system for recognizing user moods from their facial expressionsPerception system for recognizing user moods from their facial expressions House where position is sensed and temperature adjusted automaticallyHouse where position is sensed and temperature adjusted automatically

37. 6750-Spr ‘07 37 Augmented Reality

38. 6750-Spr ‘07 38 Issues Registration, registration, registrationRegistration, registration, registration How to integrate all the different aspects of context?How to integrate all the different aspects of context? –The people –The place –The situation Activities going on and their statusActivities going on and their status Mood and emotion??Mood and emotion?? What about the loss of privacy?What about the loss of privacy?

39. 6750-Spr ‘07 39 4. Ubiquitous Services Care about service, not applicationCare about service, not application Example: messagingExample: messaging –You want to receive a message using whatever device is handy nearby –Message is tailored to work according to device (e.g. bandwidth, modalities, form factor)

40. 6750-Spr ‘07 40 Issues What is software infrastructure for integration?What is software infrastructure for integration? Do we get it by just adopting some standard?Do we get it by just adopting some standard? Meta-issue: These are not obvious usability issues, but they are HCI design issues, because their resolution affects experience of place and (e.g.) workMeta-issue: These are not obvious usability issues, but they are HCI design issues, because their resolution affects experience of place and (e.g.) work

41. 6750-Spr ‘07 41 Evaluation How do we evaluate these technologies?How do we evaluate these technologies? –The system is a lab, so you can’t take it into one. –You can’t evaluate CA computing except in a context. The context may be too critical to experiment with (e.g. a design project)The context may be too critical to experiment with (e.g. a design project) The context may be too drawn-out to permit changes in evaluation question/strategy (e.g. an entire semester).The context may be too drawn-out to permit changes in evaluation question/strategy (e.g. an entire semester). –Ethical/consent issues in multi-person environments –Above all, what are the usability/usefulness objectives? How can they be measured? Example: Challenge in Classroom 2000Example: Challenge in Classroom 2000

42. 6750-Spr ‘07 42 Interested in More… CS 7470CS 7470 Readings, discussion, research-orientedReadings, discussion, research-oriented ’08-’09’08-’09

43. 6750-Spr ‘07 43 Project Presentation order (TuTh)Presentation order (TuTh) What to put in presentationWhat to put in presentation –15 minutes –Make sure your presentation mode works –Content suggestion Brief intro to problem (2 mins)Brief intro to problem (2 mins) What’s important about users, task, etc. (2 mins)What’s important about users, task, etc. (2 mins) Present design and system (6 mins)Present design and system (6 mins) Overview of evaluation findings (5 mins)Overview of evaluation findings (5 mins) P4 reports due Friday 27 th 4pmP4 reports due Friday 27 th 4pm

44. 6750-Spr ‘07 44 Upcoming Project presentations 1Project presentations 1 Project presentations 2 & Final examProject presentations 2 & Final exam