1. VOLTAGE

2. Remember..
One coulomb is the charge equal to the charge of 6.25 X 1018 electrons
Unit of charge (C)
1 ampere =1 coulomb per sec
Unit of electric current (I)
Voltage= the push/force behind electrons

3. Voltage Voltage is the force that moves electric charges in a circuit.
Voltage drop/potential difference: The difference in the amount of voltage between two points in a circuit
Things that make voltage drop include anything that uses energy like LOADS or other RESISTORS

4. Electric potential (also referred to as voltage)
is the energy given to each electron by the energy source. It is the potential energy that the electron leaving the energy source contains.
This energy is then transferred to one or more electric loads that convert the energy to another form. The electric potential is measured in the SI unit called volts.

5. Voltage/potential difference
Measure in volts (v)
Measured using a voltmeter
A voltmeter is always connected in PARALLEL around a LOAD, to measure the change in voltage.
Positive side of the voltmeter is connected to the positive end of the circuit and the negative side is connected to the negative terminal

6. Circuit diagrams
A voltmeter is the device that measures the amount of potential energy used by an object in a circuit
The voltmeter has two outlets. The red outlet is the positive end and the black outlet is the negative end. To use a voltmeter, two wires are connected from each of its plugs and the wires are connected around the object that is being tested. V

7. Connect in parallel

8. Common Voltages Source of Electric Potential Voltage (volts)
Tape playback head
0.015
Human cell
0.08
Microphone
0.1
Photocell
0.8
Electrochemical cell
1.1 to 2.9
Electric eel
650
Portable generators
24, 120, 240
Wall outlets in house
120, 240
Generators in power stations
550

9. Potential Energy
Electric potential energy is the electrical energy stored in a battery
All forms of energy are measured in joules (J).
When describing energy of electrons in a circuit, we talk about the potential energy per coulomb of charge.

10. Potential energy
Think of electric potential as stored energy that can be used to do work, much like water that drives a water wheel or a turbine in a generator.
Water in jug has the potential to do work….like move the wheel!

11. Top of the hill is the max potential energy 100J
As electrons flow through the circuit energy is lost
Cell reaction
Doing work

12. Potential Difference (voltage)
The difference in potential energy per unit of charge (coulomb) measured at two points
Ex. The difference of 25J/coulomb
= 25volts
Voltmeter measures at 2 points to find the difference in voltage; potential difference

13. Potential Difference= 25V
Uses 25V
Uses 25J/coulomb
How much work can be done here
100V
How much work can be done here
75 V
vs.

14. V= E/Q Formula: Voltage
Potential difference (v) = __________________________________________
potential energy (J)
Charge (C)
V= E/Q

15. Example 1
If a wall outlet provide 300J of electric energy and there is 28C of charge, what is the potential difference between the negative and positive end of the socket?
G: E= 300J; Q=28C
R: V= ?
A: V=E/Q
=300J/28C
S: =10.7V
S: Therefore, the wall socket provide 10.7V.

16. Example2
2. If the potential difference across a battery is 1.5V and provides 30J of energy, what is the amount of charge? G: E= 30J; V=1.5V R: Q= ? A: V=E/Q Q= E/V =30J/1.5V S: =20C S: Therefore, there are 20C of charge

17. Example 3
3. How many joules of energy are produced when there is a potential difference of 106V and 46C of charge? G: V= 106V; Q=46C R: E= ? A: V=E/Q E=QV = (46C)(106V) S: = 4876 J S: Therefore, 4876 J are produced.

18. Overall…. A current is the movement of electrons
In order to move our electrons we need to build up energy (through chemical reactions that cause charge separation and the electric field.)
That build up is called potential energy and voltage is the difference in energy/coulomb
Voltage is measured in volts
In order for a circuit to continue, electrons that left the negative terminal must return to the positive terminal of the power source to complete the circuit