2. Challenges and Limitations of regional climate model simulations in West Africa for Present and Future studies Gregory S. Jenkins Penn State University

3. Present and Future Climate issues in West Africa Present Climate Variability Land-Use Change Future Climate Variability Land-Use Change Climate change

4. Issues in Regional Modeling for West Africa Model integration Regional Model parameterizations The state of knowledge in regional climate systems and observations for verification. Science topics Extension to other disciplines

5. Model integration Preprocessing Initial and Boundary conditions (observations and models) Grid Spacing Computing Power Storage Post-processing

6. Regional Model parameterizations Land Surface-Atmosphere transfer parameterization PBL parameterization Cloud parameterization Precipitation schemes Radiation schemes

7. The state of knowledge in regional climate systems and observations for verification. West Africa –Precipitation Processes (trigger, characteristics) –Low level southwesterly winds –600-700 hPa African Easterly Jet –African Easterly Waves (AEWs) –200 hPa Tropical Easterly Jet –Meridional surface temperature gradients.

8. MCSs links to the Water Cycle MCSs (squall lines, MCCs, non-squall clusters) are responsible for most of West Africa’s rain. MCSs are found primarily in the Sahel region— downstream of mountains. A significant fraction of the MCSs are long-lived (> 24 hrs) –Mathon and Laurent, (2001).

9. MCSs links to the Water Cycle MCSs reach their maximum coverage between 1800-0000 UTC. The highest frequency of MCCs are over the Sahel.

10. Nesbitt et al. 2000 for Aug-Oct. 1998 MCSs are a small fraction of precipitation features in Africa (< 3%) but account for more than 50% of rain.

11. MCSs are associated with high flash rates (Nesbitt et al. 2000)

14. Model Simulations CCM3.6 forced by Observed SSTs (AMIP) CCSM (A1B scenario) – SSTs computed from fully dynamic ocean RegCM 60km and 90 km runs forced by CCSM.

16. 700 hPa AEJ simulations

17. CCM/CCSM/Observational Air Temps.

18. Sea Level Pressure comparison

20. ECMWF/CCM3 u,v spectrum

21. ECMWF/CCSM spectrum of u,v

22. CCM3/CCSM u,v spectrum

24. Regional Climate model driven by CCSM

25. Evidence of AEWs from Meridional winds at.688s

26. Evidence of AEWs from Rain rates

27. Evidence of AEWs from Water vapor at.668s

30. Science topics Climate Variability Land-use Change Climate change Sensitivity Studies

31. West African Precipitation Anomalies

32. “Africa is Highly Vulnerable to Climate Change.” IPCC 2001

33. A1B scenario

37. 21st century temp./prec. diff

41. Extension to other disciplines Agriculture Water Resources Health Economic Development Policy

42. Limitations of Regional climate modeling for West Africa Resource to complete science (computers, storage, boundary conditions)--especially for climate change integrations. Recognition that regional modeling results are very dependent on input of boundary conditions (poor results can be anticipated !). Critical mass of scientists to address various science questions. Observations to compare to model results. Forum to discuss/publish results and issues

43. Challenges of Regional climate modeling for West Africa Formation of working groups to pool resources for examining scientific issues (climate variability, land-use, climate change, sensitivity tests, improvements in model parameterization). Recognition that regional climate models may need to undergoe significant modification to be a useful tool in a particular region. Develop tools that will ease the use of climate modeling (pre-processing, integration, post- processing) on multiple platforms (PCs, workstations, supercomputers).