1. Urinalysis By: Adelle & Heidi Urinalysis by Adelle and Heidi
(UOIT Clinical Biochemistry)

2. Definition Urinalysis is the examination of a urine sample Definition
Urinalysis is a diagnostic physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of a urine sample. Specimens can be obtained by normal emptying of the bladder or by a hospital procedure called catheterization.
“Urine” is a liquid produced by animals and humans through the kidneys, and is collected in the bladder and excreted through the urethra. Kidneys make urine by filtering out unwanted water, waste products, chemicals, sodium and potassium ions from the blood. Through a complex process, kidneys return an exact amount of sodium and potassium ions and some water to the blood stream so as to maintain a constant water and salt balance in the body.
(Papaya Tablets, 2013)
(The Free Dictionary, 2013)

3. Purpose 1. Obtain simplified knowledge about routine urine analysis.
2. Perform simple chemical analyses on the provided urine sample.
3. Interpret results and comment on the case.
Purpose
Read off slide
“urine analysis” was one of the first laboratory tests performed and related to diseases.
(BCM 101 Biochemistry, 2013)

4. Procedure Physical Chemical Microscopic Procedure
A complete urinalysis consists of 3 components: Physical examination for color and clarity, Biochemical examination and microscopic examination
(PHPKB , 2005)
(BCM 101 Biochemistry, 2013)

5. Physical
Physical examination of urine includes observation of the color, odor, turbidity, and determination of pH and specific gravity.
Physical
Color
The normal colors of urine range from straw yellow to amber. Abnormal colors include red, yellow-brown, and orange due to presence of some drugs; vitamin B complex can turn urine bright yellow.
Odor
The odor of urine is described as “urinoid”. Starvation or a very low carbohydrate diet may cause the urine to have a sweet “fruity” odor. Patients with urinary tract infections often have urine with a bad odor. pH
Normally, freshly voided urine is acidic. Some foods and drugs can affect urine pH. In some cases, urinary pH is made acidic or alkaline by certain treatments to prevent the formation of certain types of kidney stones.
(Bio Fort, 2012)
(BCM 101 Biochemistry, 2013)

6. Chemical
Different chemical tests are performed to detect glucose, ketone bodies, protein, bilirubin and nitrite.
Chemical
Glucose is normally absent or present in undetectable amounts in urine. When glucose level in blood exceeds the renal sugar threshold glucose starts to appear in urine. Presence of glucose in urine is usually an indication of diabetes.
Ketone bodies: When there is no adequate amount of carbohydrates in the diet, the body begins to utilize fatty acids to produce energy. When this increased metabolic pathway reaches a certain point, fatty acid utilization becomes incomplete and intermediary products occur in blood and urine.
Proteins are normally undetectable in urine. Presence of proteins in urine usually indicates kidney damage.
Bilirubin is a yellow-brown breakdown product found in the bile. It is normally absent or present in undetectable amounts in urine. Most of the bilirubin produced is conjugated in the liver and excreted in the bile but a very small amount is reabsorbed from the intestine to the blood and is then excreted in urine.
Nitrate: In urinary tract infections, bacteria produce an enzyme that converts urinary nitrates to nitrites. The presence of nitrites in urine indicates a Urinary Tract Infection.
(Buzzle, 2000)
(BCM 101 Biochemistry, 2013)

7. Microscopic Red Blood Cells White Blood cells Crystals Casts
Microscopic examination of urinary sediment reveals very few or no red or white blood cells or casts. No bacteria or parasites are present and few crystals are usually normal. “Red blood cells” in urine may be caused by kidney stones or bladder tumor. “White blood cells” indicate a urinary tract infection. Excessive amounts of “crystals” can indicate kidney stones. Depending on the type, “casts” can indicate inflammation in the kidneys.
(Tumblr, 2013)
(BCM 101 Biochemistry, 2013)

8. Collection Clean Catch Midstream Clearly labeled Collection
The best sample for a routine urine analysis is a “cleancatch” or “midstream” sample collected after the external genitalia have been cleansed with an antiseptic solution. In this technique, the first portion of voided urine is discarded and the next portion is collected in a “clean” container The container should be “clearly labeled” and urine must be analyzed soon after collection because most urine elements deteriorate at room temperature within one hour. A refrigerated specimen will retain its integrity only up to four hours.
(Urine The Clear, 2012)
(BCM 101 Biochemistry, 2013)

9. Contents of Urine
There are many different contents of urine, however water is 95% of urine.
(Series, 2008)

10. Dipstick Analysis
Dipstick analysis is an easy an convenient method for the detection of chemical analysis. A “dipstick” is a paper strip with patches impregnated with chemicals that undergo a color change when certain constituents of urine are present in a certain concentration. The strip is dipped into the urine sample, and after the appropriate number of seconds, the color change is compared to a standard chart to determine urine constituents.
(BCM 101 Biochemistry, 2013)

11. Tests
Using the provided urine sample, perform the following tests to detect glucose, proteins, ketone bodies and bilirubin.
There are several different tests that can occur, these are a few:
The tests for glucose are Fehling’s test, and Benedict’s test.
The test for ketone bodies is Rothera’s test.
The tests for proteins are Heat coagulation test, and Heller’s test.
The test for bilirubin is Hay’s test.
(BCM 101 Biochemistry, 2013)

12. Bibliography
The Free Dictionary. (2013). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from
 Series, L. R. (2008, September 15). Nursing Crib. Retrieved May 1, 2013, from Routine Urinalysis Normal Laboratory Study Values:
UOIT Clinical Biochemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from Urinalysis:
 Sea Sprays- It's a Wonderful Life. (2007, June 10). Retrieved May 1, 2013, from
BCM 101 Biochemistry. (2013). Retrieved May 2, 2013, from
Bio Fort. (2012). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from biofort.wordpress.com:
Buzzle. (2000). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from
PHPKB . (2005). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from
Tumblr. (2013). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from haematologytidbits.tumblr.com:
Urine The Clear. (2012). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from
Bibliography

13. The End
The End
(Sea Sprays- It's a Wonderful Life, 2007)