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2. Standardized Test Prep
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Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 34 Table of Contents Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Reptiles and Birds
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds

4. Chapter 34 Objectives Describe the key characteristics of reptiles.
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Objectives
Describe the key characteristics of reptiles.
Relate a reptile’s ectothermic metabolism to its activity level.
Summarize the adaptations that enable reptiles to live on land.

5. Key Characteristics of Reptiles
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Key Characteristics of Reptiles
Reptiles have a strong, bony skeleton. Most have two pairs of limbs.They have toes with claws.
Reptiles have an ectothermic metabolism.
Reptiles have dry, scaly skin.
Reptiles have amniotic eggs.

6. Key Features of Reptiles
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Key Features of Reptiles

7. Characteristics of Reptiles
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Characteristics of Reptiles

8. Key Characteristics of Reptiles, continued
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Key Characteristics of Reptiles, continued
Ectothermic Metabolism
Reptiles’ ectothermic metabolism is too slow to generate enough heat to warm their bodies, so they must absorb heat from their surroundings.
A reptile’s body temperature is largely determined by the temperature of its environment.
At low temperatures, most reptiles become sluggish and unable to function.

9. Changes in Lizard Body Temperature
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Changes in Lizard Body Temperature

10. Comparing Endotherms and Ectotherms
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Comparing Endotherms and Ectotherms

11. Chapter 34 Water Retention
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Water Retention
Unlike amphibians, reptiles can be considered fully terrestrial.
Reptiles have adaptations that free them from the water requirements of amphibians.

12. Water Retention, continued
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Water Retention, continued
Watertight Skin
Reptiles have a skin made of light, flexible scales.
These scales overlap and form a protective, almost watertight skin that minimizes water loss.

13. Comparing Amphibian and Reptile Skin
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Comparing Amphibian and Reptile Skin

14. Water Retention, continued
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Water Retention, continued
Watertight Eggs
A reptile’s amniotic egg provides a moist environment in which the embryo develops.
An amniotic egg contains both a water supply and a food supply.
The amniotic egg’s tough shell keeps the egg from drying out.

15. Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Amniotic Egg

16. Parts of an Amniotic Egg
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Parts of an Amniotic Egg

17. Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Respiration
Because reptiles are far more active than amphibians, they have greater metabolic requirements for oxygen.

18. Respiration, continued
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Respiration, continued
Lungs
Unlike the skin of an amphibian, the scaly skin of a reptile does not permit gas exchange.
The lungs of most reptiles have many internal folds, greatly increasing their surface area.
Reptiles have strong muscles attached to their rib cages. These muscles help to move air into and out of the lungs, increasing the lungs’ efficiency.

19. Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Alveolus/Alveoli

20. Respiration, continued
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Respiration, continued
Heart
In reptiles, the septum extends into the ventricle, partly dividing it into left and right halves.
As a result, oxygen is delivered to the body cells more efficiently than in amphibians.
Crocodiles have a heart with a completely divided ventricle.

21. Reptilian Heart Structure
Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Reptilian Heart Structure

22. Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Reptile Heart

23. Chapter 34
Section 1 The Reptilian Body
Reproduction
Reptilian eggs are fertilized within the female, a process called internal fertilization.
Many reptiles are oviparous, meaning the young hatch from eggs.
Some species of snakes and lizards are ovoviparous, which means the female retains the eggs within her body until shortly before hatching, or the eggs may hatch within the female’s body.

24. Chapter 34 Objectives Compare the four living orders of reptiles.
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Objectives
Compare the four living orders of reptiles.
Describe the timber rattlesnake’s adaptation for locating and capturing prey.
Compare the parental care of crocodilians with that of other reptiles.

25. Chapter 34 Lizards and Snakes
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Lizards and Snakes
Snakes and lizards belong to the order Squamata.
A characteristic of this order is a lower jaw that is loosely connected to the skull. This enables snakes and many lizards to swallow large prey.

26. Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Types of Reptiles

27. Characteristics of Snakes and Lizards
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Characteristics of Snakes and Lizards

28. Lizards and Snakes, continued
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Lizards and Snakes, continued
Lizards
Most lizards are carnivores.
Most lizards are small, measuring less than 30 cm (1 ft) in length.

29. Lizards and Snakes, continued
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Lizards and Snakes, continued
Snakes
The skeleton of snakes lacks a pectoral girdle, the supporting bones for the bones of the forelimbs.
Snakes do not have teeth suited for cutting and chewing.
Some snakes are constrictors, squeezing their prey until it suffocates, then eating it. Other snakes kill their prey with poisonous venom.

30. External Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
External Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake

31. Internal Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Internal Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake

32. Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Anatomy of a Snake

33. Other Orders of Reptiles
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Other Orders of Reptiles
The remaining orders of living reptiles contain far fewer species than the order Squamata does.
There are about 250 or more species of turtles and tortoises, all classified in the order Chelonia.
There are about 25 species of crocodiles in the order Crocodilia. There are only two species of tuataras in the order Rhynchocephalia.

34. Other Orders of Reptiles, continued
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Other Orders of Reptiles, continued
Turtles and Tortoises
The bodies of turtles and tortoises are encased within a hard, bony, protective shell.
The carapace is the dorsal (top) part of the shell, and the plastron is the ventral (bottom) portion.
Turtles and tortoises lack teeth but have jaws covered by sharp plates, which form powerful beaks.

35. Characteristics of Turtles
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Characteristics of Turtles

36. Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Carapace and Plastron

37. Other Orders of Reptiles, continued
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Other Orders of Reptiles, continued
Crocodiles and Alligators
Crocodiles and alligators are aggressive carnivores.
They capture their prey by stealth, drawing it underwater to be drowned and eaten.
Unlike other living reptiles, crocodilians care for their young after hatching.

38. Characteristics of Crocodiles and Alligators
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Characteristics of Crocodiles and Alligators

39. Other Orders of Reptiles, continued
Chapter 34
Section 2 Today’s Reptiles
Other Orders of Reptiles, continued
Tuataras
Tuataras are lizardlike reptiles up to 70 cm (2 ft) long.
The two living species of tuataras are members of the genus Sphenodon and are native to New Zealand.

40. Chapter 34 Objectives Summarize the key characteristics of birds.
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Objectives
Summarize the key characteristics of birds.
Describe how a bird’s feathers and bone structure aid flight.
Summarize how a bird’s lungs and heart are adapted for high efficiency.
Relate the structure of a bird’s feet and beak to its habits and diet.

41. Key Characteristics of Birds
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Key Characteristics of Birds
Unlike reptiles, birds lack teeth and have a tail that is greatly reduced in length.
Like reptiles, birds have amniotic eggs. They also have feet and legs that are covered with scales.
Birds have feathers and forelimbs modified into wings.

42. Characteristics of Birds
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Characteristics of Birds

43. Chapter 34 Parts of a Bird Brain
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Parts of a Bird Brain

44. Characteristics of Birds
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Characteristics of Birds

45. Bird Adaptations for Flight
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Bird Adaptations for Flight

46. Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Feathers
Feathers are modified reptilian scales. Contour feathers cover the bird’s body and give adult birds their shape.
When a bird preens, it spreads oil from its preen gland over its feathers, cleaning and waterproofing them.
Down feathers cover the body of young birds and are found beneath the contour feathers of adults.

47. Contour Feather Structure
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Contour Feather Structure

48. Chapter 34 Parts of a Feather
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Parts of a Feather

49. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Preening

50. Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Strong, Lightweight Skeleton
The bones of birds are thin and hollow. Some of the bones are fused, providing extra strength.
Birds have a large breastbone with a prominent keel for muscle attachment.
Muscles used in flight are attached to the breastbone and fused collarbones.

51. Chapter 34 Avian Skeleton
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Avian Skeleton

52. Chapter 34 Anatomy of a Bird
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Anatomy of a Bird

53. Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Endothermic Metabolism
Birds are endotherms, which means they generate enough heat through metabolism to maintain a high body temperature.
Birds have a high rate of metabolism, which meets the increased energy requirements of flight.

54. Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Completely Divided Ventricle
As in the crocodilian heart, the ventricle of the bird heart is completely divided by a septum.
The septum of the bird heart separates oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, meaning that oxygen is delivered to the body cells more efficiently.

55. Chapter 34 Avian Heart Structure
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Avian Heart Structure

56. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Bird Heart

57. Chapter 34 Bird Digestive System
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Bird Digestive System

58. Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Key Characteristics of Birds, continued
Highly Efficient Lungs
Birds have a high demand for oxygen because they use large amounts of energy when they fly.
Air moves through a bird’s lungs in one direction. Air sacs connected to a bird’s lungs act as holding tanks to enable the one-way flow of air.

59. Chapter 34 Avian Lung Structure
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Avian Lung Structure

60. External Structure of Birds – Bald Eagle
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
External Structure of Birds – Bald Eagle

61. Internal Structure of Birds – Bald Eagle
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Internal Structure of Birds – Bald Eagle

62. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Bird Lungs

63. Chapter 34 Adaptations of Birds
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Adaptations of Birds
Different species of birds are adapted for different ways of life.
A bird’s beak (bill), legs, and feet reveal a great deal about its habits and diet.
Some species of birds are highly specialized, while others are very flexible in their eating habits.

64. Beak Adaptations and Bird Diversity
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Beak Adaptations and Bird Diversity

65. Foot Adaptations and Bird Diversity
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Foot Adaptations and Bird Diversity

66. Adaptations of Birds, continued
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Adaptations of Birds, continued
Other Adaptations
There are many orders of birds, each of which is adapted to its particular living conditions.

67. Chapter 34 Avian Adaptations
Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Avian Adaptations

68. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds
Chapter 34
Types of Birds

69. Chapter 34 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
The chart below shows the normal ranges of body temperatures in five groups of reptiles. Use the chart to answer questions 1–3.

70. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 34
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which groups could probably best tolerate the temperature extremes found in deserts?
A. Turtles, snakes, and crocodilians
B. Turtles, lizards, and snakes
C. Tuataras, turtles, and snakes
D. Tuataras and crocodilians

71. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 34
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which groups could probably best tolerate the temperature extremes found in deserts?
A. Turtles, snakes, and crocodilians
B. Turtles, lizards, and snakes
C. Tuataras, turtles, and snakes
D. Tuataras and crocodilians

72. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 34
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. If a bar showing the body temperature range of birds were added to this chart, the bar for birds would partially overlap with the bar for
F. lizards.
G. tuataras.
H. crocodilians.
J. turtles.

73. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 34
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. If a bar showing the body temperature range of birds were added to this chart, the bar for birds would partially overlap with the bar for
F. lizards.
G. tuataras.
H. crocodilians.
J. turtles.

74. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 34
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of these statements is supported by the data in the chart?
A. Crocodilians have a greater body temperature range than tuataras.
B. Turtles and snakes have similar body temperature ranges.
C. Lizards always have a higher body temperature than tuataras.
D. Some lizards can have a higher body temperature than some crocodilians.

75. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 34
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of these statements is supported by the data in the chart?
A. Crocodilians have a greater body temperature range than tuataras.
B. Turtles and snakes have similar body temperature ranges.
C. Lizards always have a higher body temperature than tuataras.
D. Some lizards can have a higher body temperature than some crocodilians.