1. 1 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Lesley Monk Balfron High School Shelagh Hansom Dunblane High School Diane Smith Arbroath High School Session 2004/5/6

2. 2 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING This slide-show is on the Prepwork folder if you wish to copy any notes from it; we will not be stopping in class for you to do this. This topic is about farming and rural issues, mainly in the United Kingdom. Some of the principles will apply to other countries, but all your examples will be from the UK. Farming is an industry, but it is a special type. Don’t use it in an industry question!

3. 3 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING There are three main types of farming in Britain. What are they? Turn to page 91 of the Human texbook. Read the three definitions in section 12A. Try the exercise on the next slide.

4. 4 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Match the farming type to the appropriate meaning and copy them all into your jotter. Arable Farms - a combination of arable and livestock although one or the other may dominate Livestock Farms - farms growing crops e.g. barley, wheat or potatoes Mixed Farms - farms that rear animals e.g. sheep and cattle

5. 5 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Draw out a table with three headings, shown below. Using the choices box on the next slide, fit each item into its category. MIXED FARMS ARABLE FARMS LIVESTOCK FARMS

6. 6 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING PIGSBARLEY AND SHEEP OATS FOR PORRIDGEPOULTRY DAIRY AND WHEAT BEEF CATTLE CARROTS AND TURNIPS APPLES SHEEPRAPESEED HAY OATS AND BEEF CATTLE LETTUCES OSTRICH POTATOES

7. 7 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Farming or agriculture is the growing of crops and rearing of animals. We study farming in Geography for two main reasons firstly- we need farms to provide us with most of the food which we eat, and secondly- farmland takes up a large amount of the land surface in Britain.

8. 8 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Farmers need to make a decision about what type of farm is best suited to their land. The decisions on ‘what to farm’ are based on a combination of factors which can be classified as either physical or human factors. Physical Factors 1 Read through your handout and then fill in the blanks using the words in the box on the next slide.

9. 9 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Minimum arable temperatures pastoral thin 250mm machinery marshy 500mm rainfall fertile sunshine cold Human Factors 2 Read through your handout and then fill in the blanks using the words in the box on the next slide.

10. 10 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Milking equipment encourage milk workforce profit combine harvesters regular machines surpluses Hint: This question is worth 6 marks so make sure you include 6 relevant, well developed points. Beware: You will get a maximum of 4 marks if you fail to mention both physical and human factors, even if you make 6 correct points. What are the physical and human factors that are important to arable farming? (6 Marks KU)

11. 11 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Farming in the UK 3 We have looked at the physical and human factors that influence where each type of farming takes place. Now we will look at the geographical pattern of farming types in the UK

12. 12 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Arable Farming It is located in areas where there is deep, fertile soil and the land is quite flat. It needs a relatively dry climate, reliable rain in the growing season, warm summers and frost in the winter to break up the soil are also necessary. Locations: E & SE England, E Scotland Copy these notes and discuss

13. 13 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Arable Farming

14. 14 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Hill Sheep Farming It is located in areas where the land is unsuitable for growing crops due to the poor climate, the steepness of the slope or the poor soil quality. Sheep are hardier animals and can cope with colder, wetter and windier conditions. Locations: Mountainous areas in the North and West of Scotland Copy these notes and discuss

15. 15 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Hill Sheep Farming

16. 16 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Cattle Farming Dairy Farming It is located in areas with flat land, fertile well-drained soils, high-quality grass, mild winters and reliable rainfall. Dairy farms also need to be located close to urban markets. Locations: Western parts of England, Scotland and Wales Copy these notes and discuss

17. 17 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Dairy Cattle Farming

18. 18 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Beef Cattle Farming It is located in areas with fairly gentle slopes, medium fertile soils, fairly high rainfall and milder temperatures. Locations: Lowland areas in England, Wales and Scotland Copy these notes and discuss

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20. 20 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Market Gardening Read section 12F page 92 of The Human Environment. Fill in the Market Gardening box on your handout in a similar way to the 3 we have just completed together. 4

21. 21 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Market Gardening

22. 22 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Two British Farms Farm AFarm B Height350m25m SlopeMostly SteepMostly Flat SoilShallow and infertile Deep and fertile Rainfall1500mm per year500mm per year Jan Temperature2°C5°C July Temperature13°C17°C Which of the two farms is likely to be a sheep farm? Give reasons for your answer. Try to use all the information you are given.

23. 23 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING The Farming System Take a new page in your jotter. Put ‘A Farm System’ as your title and copy the sentence below: Farming works as a system with inputs, processes and outputs. Look at the animation on the next slide. You will get to see it a few times if needed.

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25. 25 Physical InputsHuman/Economic Inputs Processes Arable FarmPastoral Farm Outputs STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Copy this diagram Take a full page Make the boxes quite big!

26. 26 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Put the words in the box below into the correct part of the farming system flowchart you have just drawn. milking wool planting soil relief dipping meat barley land machinery selling seeds fodder crops climate potatoes fruit feedstuffs fertilisers animals milk spraying buildings planting beans shearing transport labour peas harvesting calving chemicals ploughing medicines weeding

27. 27 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Land-Use Patterns on a Farm Read section 12J page 93 of ‘The Human Environment’ Task 1: Sketch in your jotter a diagram similar to Figure 12.5 Task 2: Annotate your diagram using ideas found in 12J

28. 28 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING The Changing Face of Farming Like all businesses, farming has changed greatly over the last 50 years. These changes have affected methods, organisation, farm output, labour, farming landscapes and the overall status of farming. There are 3 factors that have been important in causing these changes. Try to guess what they are from the following slides.

29. 29 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING The Changing Face of Farming

30. 30 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Mechanisation More machines has meant that less labour is needed Field sizes have had to increase to allow the large machines room to operate This means that hedges have been removed Farms have amalgamated because more work can be done quickly by the machines Big buildings have been built to store the machinery Copy these notes and discuss

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32. 32 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Improved Technology A lot of farmers now use computers There are now better medicines and vaccines for animals There are new and improved seeds available Chemical fertilisers and insecticides are used by many farmers These improvements in technology have all helped to improve output, reduce costs and increase profit Improved Technology

33. 33 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Corehouse Farm B&B Accommodation near Lanark

34. 34 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING WILD FARM COTTAGE A unique holiday experience £95 per night for up to two people. £15 extra per night per adult after that, up to 8 people. The Changing Face of Farming

35. 35 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING To increase profits farmers have started adding non-farming land-uses to their farms – often linked to the leisure and tourist industry.  Fields transformed into golf courses or bike/rally tracks  Farm cottages converted into holiday homes  Areas used for campsites  Farmhouses offering B&B accommodation Diversification Copy these notes and discuss

36. 36 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING The Changing Face of Farming Study the picture in your handout, read the poem and then answer the questions. Extension: Try to think of some ways that you would collect data to show what changes have occurred on a farm over the last 20 years. 5

37. 37 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Agribusinesses These changes have all meant that farming is no longer run as a small-scale family business. Many modern farms are very large and are owned by a commercial company or group of investors who invest money in the farm as a business in order to make profits. These types of farms are called agribusinesses. They are run by a farm manager who does not own the farm. What are the disadvantages of running a farm as an Agribusiness? Copy these notes and discuss

38. 38 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Now watch the video called;- New Countryside

39. 39 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Work through the questions on the worksheet. They cover everything you have learned so far in the farming unit. How much can you remember? 6

40. 40 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Influence of the European Union on farming in the UK The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

41. 41 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING The 3 aims of the CAP To protect farmers’ incomes To maintain steady & reasonable prices for customers To increase production to provide sufficient food supplies Copy these notes and discuss

42. 42 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING How Did the CAP achieve these aims? Subsidies and Grants Money to farmers for every sheep and cow owned The EU guaranteed to buy unlimited amounts of crops at a minimum price from farmers Copy these notes and discuss

43. 43 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Results… Butter mountain Milk lake Grain over- production Copy these notes and discuss

44. 44 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Problems with the CAP in the 1970’s and 1980’s 1.70% of the EU budget was spent supporting farming when farming only provided 5% of the EC’s total income 2.Surpluses were created e.g: The butter, beef and cereal ‘mountains’ The milk and wine ‘lakes’

45. 45 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Set-Aside and Quotas Set-aside is when farmers are paid to not grow crops on a certain acreage of their farm Read page 102, section 13F and make a note of what a QUOTA is

46. 46 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Farmers have been given grants to improve the environment, for example they are paid not to use chemicals on their farms. This has encouraged a new type of farming called organic farming.

47. 47 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Play the game ‘Farming Dominoes’ 7

48. 48 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Further work- if time allows or for revision. Do I have to do this work? If you want to be one of these!

49. 49 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Read the textbook pages 108-111. Do task 1. Then try the core questions- you will get a bonus if you add reasons for the answers if not asked for. Remember the difference between DESCRIBE questions and EXPLAIN questions?

50. 50 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Read the textbook pages 112-114. Do task 2. Try any or all of the extension questions on page 112 that you like. The last section is about ENQUIRY SKILLS.

51. 51 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Copy the table of skills called figure 11.1 on page 86 Note the proper names of the skills involved; they are in bold text. Discuss the section about preparing an interview Answer the questions on the next slide about the interview recording sheet. You do not need to write the answers down!

52. 52 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING 1.Why might the first two questions not be much use in some parts of Scotland? 2.What else could you add to make the answer to Q3 of more use? 3.Why are questions 4,5,6 and 9 not well worded? (Hint; what answer might the farmer give that is almost useless to you?) 4.What do the terms drainage and relief mean? 5.Try to think of another three good questions to put to this farmer.

53. 53 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING GRAPHS Remind yourself of where you use a line graph as opposed to a bar graph. Why is a multiple kind of graph sometimes better than a single? What are you trying to find out by drawing a pie graph? What important words therefore should your justifications have in them? See the next slide!

54. 54 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMPARISON OR CONTRAST PATTERN OF CHANGES JUSTIFICATION

55. 55 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING Use the questions in the book to test your understanding of this section. Your teacher will decide which questions you are to try- F,G or C. Answer in proper sentences in your jotter. You might be asked to do this for homework.

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57. 57 STANDARD GRADE GEOGRAPHYFARMING THE END