1. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Emission Control System Service Chapter 44

2. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives Determine the causes of various emission system problems Perform service on the emission control system Repair or replace defective emission control parts Diagnose emission problems using an exhaust gas analyzer

3. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Introduction Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) –Responsible for U.S. air quality regulation –Emission control technicians must be licensed Focus of the chapter is to understand how to: –Service emission systems –Diagnose problems –Remove and replace components –Diagnose emission problems

4. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Inspecting Emission Control Systems Many states require periodic emission inspections –Visual inspection Look at hoses and wires Check that all parts are in place Run engine and listen for air leaks Check condition and tension of the pump drive belt Inspect the air cleaner

5. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Computer-Controlled Emission Service New cars have sophisticated emission systems –Controlled by a computer, sensors, and actuators –May have emission maintenance reminder lights –Many ways of testing devices and resetting the light Refer to emission control applications manual or manufacturer's service manual

6. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Crankcase Ventilation System Service Crankcase system must be air tight Engine running and OCV valve installed –Should be a vacuum at oil filter opening when Leak in the crankcase ventilation system –Not always readily apparent

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8. Crankcase Ventilation System Service (cont’d.) Testing PCV valve –Pull PCV valve from its grommet –With engine stopped, remove and shake valve –With engine running, cover valve end –Pull fresh air hose from air cleaner Check the breather hose to the air cleaner –Kinks –Restriction

9. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Evaporative Control System Service Fuel evaporation –Major cause of air pollution Evaporative emission controls –Installed on gasoline filler nozzles –Vehicles have their own on-board evaporative systems –Often neglected until driveability problem occurs

10. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Evaporative System Maintenance Fresh air is drawn into the canister during purging –Some canisters have a replaceable filter Service interval is usually every two years –More often in dusty conditions Check condition of all system hoses –Use fuel hose or hose designed to be used with fuel vapors

11. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Evaporative System Problem Diagnosis Considerations –Leaking evaporative systems allow gasoline vapors to escape into the air –Check liquid/vapor separator if there is liquid fuel in charcoal canister –Loud rush of air entering the tank when cap is pulled indicates a venting problem –EVAP systems on OBD II vehicles self-test for leaks

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13. EGR System Service Problems with the EGR system are common –Poor EGR performance affects speed density fuel injection systems Testing of all types of valves requires: –Test valve operation –Clear passageways –Check sources of vacuum

14. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Air Injection System Service Visual inspection –Look for rusty check valves and air manifolds –Check condition of hoses mounted near exhaust parts –Inspect air pump drive belt Several problems in an air injection system –Exhaust noise under the hood –Backfiring on deceleration –Air pump noisy or frozen –Emission test failure

15. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Catalytic Converter Service Common failure of OBD II vehicles –Overheating caused by a misfiring cylinder Plugged converter –Restricts engine exhaust flow Do not just replace the converter –Determine whether there is another problem

16. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Converter Testing Cat must be heated: at least 600°F –Converter light off: converter begins to oxidize –Temperature is measured with a high- temperature pyrometer –Best test for a converter: emission analyzer

17. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Catalytic Converter Replacement Replacement converter –Often bolted on with new gaskets –Some require welding –Use an EPA-approved equivalent replacement –Installation of a used converter is illegal unless it has been tested and certified

18. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Analyzing Exhaust Emissions Important points –Air is mostly nitrogen and oxygen –Burning of fuel is called oxidizing –Compression must be enough to push molecules close together –Raw fuel going out the tailpipe can be measured as HC –If air-fuel mixture is too rich, there will not be enough O 2

19. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Emission Analyzers Measures content of gases in exhaust through a probe installed in exhaust pipe of a running engine –Two-gas analyzer Older Measures HC and CO –Five-gas analyzer Measures HC, CO, CO 2, O 2, and NO x Exhaust gases –Measured in different ways

20. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hydrocarbons HCs are oxidized by the catalytic converter and air injection system –One ppm means that out of every million parts of an exhaust sample, one part is HC Most common cause of high HC: unburned fuel –Ignition problems –Not enough air or too much air –Incorrect air-fuel ratio A lean mixture can cause fluctuating HC readings, while CO remains mostly fixed

21. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Carbon Monoxide (CO) CO should be CO 2 –Not enough CO 2 Rich air-fuel mixture causes incomplete combustion CO –Measured as a percentage of the total exhaust High readings can be caused by a rich mixture, retarded ignition timing, or a worn engine

22. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Carbon Dioxide By-product of complete combustion –Read as percent of total –Reading will not be accurate if the air pump is running during a test –Readings are taken after the catalytic converter

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24. Oxygen (O 2 ) Air-fuel mixture is richer than stoichiometric –Level of O 2 will be lower Diagnosis with O 2 –Nor formed during combustion –Should be consumed during each combustion cycle –Consumed by a catalytic converter

25. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Oxides of Nitrogen Air is made up of 78% N and 21% O 2 –Methods to achieve lower NO X production Reducing the compression ratio Prevented from forming by EGR valve Reduced after they are formed by the reduction catalytic converter EGT problems –Biggest contributor to high NO X emissions Five-gas analyzer tips –Generic five-gas emissions specifications

26. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Catalytic Converter Tests Broken substrate –Tap lightly with a rubber mallet to see if it rattles Cranking test for CO 2 –Tells the condition of a catalytic converter Catalytic converters on OBD II cars are tested automatically During a converter test: –There should be no exhaust leaks –Air injection is off and cat is hot –Engine speed is 2,000 rpm

27. © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Catalytic Converter Tests (cont’d.) Additional tests –Snap test Can be done only when there is fuel control –Cat testing using CO 2 conversion Used when results of an O 2 storage test are marginal –Intrusive testing Hole is drilled in the exhaust before the cat and an insert is installed to accept a positive probe attachment