1. Kingdom Fungi

2. Outline
Protists versus Fungi
Phylum Chytridomycota
Phylum Zygomycota
Phylum Ascomycota
Phylum Basidiomycota
Phylum Deuteromycota
Lichens

3. Distinctions Between Protista and Fungi
All true fungi are filamentous or unicellular heterotrophs, most of which absorb their food in solution through cell walls (saprobes).
Members of Kingdom Fungi are placed in five phyla.
With the exception of some chytrids (pronounced kitt-ridds) and all yeasts, all are filamentous.
Most lack motile cells.

4. Kingdom Fungi Phylum Chytridomycota (The Chytrids)
Simple, mostly one-celled organisms.
Some parasitize pollen grains, and other are saprobic.
Some are in the form of a spherical cell with branching threads called rhizoids which are used for anchoring the chytrid to its food source.
Many reproduce only asexually through the production of zoospores within a spherical cell.
Sexual reproduction by fusion of motile haploid gametes.

5. Fig. 19.2

6. Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Zygomycota (Coenocytic True Fungi)
Black bread molds are the best-known members of this phylum.
Rhizopus is a well-known representative.

7. Reproduction in Rhizopus (bread mold)
Asexual
Sporangiophores grow upright and produce sporangia at their tips
Numerous spores produced in each sporangium
Sexual
Conjugation of different mating strains
Formation of progametangia
Gametangia merge, becoming large multinucleate cell
Wall develops around cell, forming the zygospore

9. Fig. 19.5

10. Human and Ecological Relevance of Zygomycetes
A few species used as food sources.
- tempeh and sufu (Chinese cheese).
Industrial Uses
Pharmaceuticals
Yellow pigment for coloring margarine
Meat tenderizer

11. Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
Truffles are reproductive bodies of representatives of the phylum ascomycetes.
Most produce mycelia with hyphae partitioned into individual cylindrical cells (non coenocytic).
Asexual Reproduction
By means of spores produced outside of a sporangium (conidia) on conidiophores.
Yeasts - Budding

12. Fig. 19.6

13. Sexual Reproduction of Ascomycetes
Involves formation of an ascus
Male antheridia produced on one hypha, female ascogonia on other
Male nuclei migrate into ascogonium
Ascogenous hyphae formed
At maturity, pairs of nuclei unite forming 2n nuclei
Diploid nuclei undergo meiosis; these nuclei become nuclei of ascospores
Ascospores (n) released into air

15. Phylum Ascomycota Human and Ecological Relevance
Truffles and morels have been prized food for centuries
Ergot fungus may infect rye and other grains.
Ergotism may occur in those who eat the contaminated bread.
Ergot drugs are medicinally useful in small amounts.
Initial source for the manufacture of LSD.

16. Fig

17. Fig

18. Phylum Ascomycota
Human and Ecological Relevance
Yeast enzymes aid in preparation of baked goods.
Fermentation
Yeasts used in production of glycerol.
Explosives
Plant Diseases
Dutch Elm Disease
Chestnut Blight

19. The Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi) - Habitat: -i- Saprophytes
Phylum Basidiomycota
The Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)
- Habitat:
-i- Saprophytes
- Mushrooms (toadstools)
- Puffballs, earth stars, jelly fungi, stinkhorns
-ii- Parasites
- Shelf or bracket fungi
- Rusts, smuts
- Shape:
- Mycelium septate with pores
- Uninucleate or binucleate stages of mycelium

20. Sexual Reproduction
a) Hyphae of mycelium are monokaryotic
b) Hyphal cells of compatible mating types may unite, initiating a new dikaryotic mycelium
c) Formation of clamp connection, with one nucleus migrating into clamp
d) Mitosis and formation of crosswalls
e) Dikaryotic mycelium may become very dense, forming the button, which may penetrate the surface and expand into the basidiocarp (mushroom)
f) Gill of mushroom has numerous basidia
g) As each basidium matures, the two nuclei unite, and then undergo meiosis; the four nuclei become the nuclei of the four basidiospores
Asexual Reproduction
Infrequent mainly through conidia .

21. Phylum Basidiomycota
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22. Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycota

23. Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycota
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24. Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycota
Fairy Rings
Boletes
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25. Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycota
Shelf Fungi
Bird’s Nest Fungi
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26. Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycota
Smuts
Rusts
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28. Phylum Basidiomycota Human and Ecological Relevance Poisonous
Fewer than 75 of the approximately 25,000 described species are poisonous.
Death Angel mushrooms are very poisonous. Thioctic acid used as antidote.
Shiitake (Black Forest) Mushrooms
High in protein, calcium, phosphorous, and iron.
Lentinacin extract lowers blood cholesterol and exhibits antiviral activity by inducing the formation of interferon.
Nutrient Recycling
Cultivation for food: Agaricus bisporus

29. The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)
Phylum Deuteromycota
The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)
Examples: parasites of protozoans and small animals, nematode trappers, forms cultivated by ants and termites, and mycorrhizal fungi.
Fungi for which a sexual stage has not been observed.
Grouped together in an artificial phylum.
All reproduce by conidia.
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30. Human and Ecological Relevance Penicillium Molds Antibiotics
Phylum Deuteromycota
Human and Ecological Relevance
Penicillium Molds
Antibiotics
Gourmet Cheese
Aspergillus
Citric Acid
Soy Sauce
Aspergilloses (Respiratory Disease)
Aflatoxin (Carcinogen)
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31. Lichens
Consists of a fungus and an alga intimately associated in a spongy thallus.
Photosynthetic component supplies the food while the fungus protects the photosynthetic organisms from harmful light intensities and absorbs and retains water and minerals.
Three genera of green algae and one genus of cyanobacterium are involved in 90% of all lichen species.

32. Lichens
Lichen species are identified according to their fungus.
Grow very slowly, and are capable of living extremely long periods of time.
Gelatinous substance in thallus allows them to withstand alternating wet and dry periods.

33. Lichens
Usually consist of three or four layers:
Upper Cortex - Protective layer
Algal Layer - Contain algal cells.
Medulla - Hyphae
Lower Cortex - Covered with Rhizines.

34. Lichens
Usually grouped into three major growth forms:
Crustose - Attached to or embedded in their substrate over their entire lower surface.
Foliose - Contain leaf-like thalli which often overlap.
Fruticose - May resemble miniature upright shrubs, or hang down in festoons from branches.

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36. Lichens
Fungal component of all lichens are of the sac fungi and usually reproduces sexually, but lichens are naturally dispersed in nature asexually.
Sexual reproduction in lichens is similar to that of the sac fungi except ascomata produce spores continuously for many years.

37. Lichens
Human and Ecological Relevance
Exceptionally sensitive to pollution.
Sulfur Dioxide
Nuclear Radiation
Degradation of historic structures.
Food Supplements
Antibiotic Properties

38. Review
Protists versus Fungi
Phylum Chytridomycota
Phylum Zygomycota
Phylum Ascomycota
Phylum Basidiomycota
Phylum Deuteromycota
Lichens

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