2. On June 28, 1919, the BIG 4 met in Versailles, France, to talk about the end of the Great War. Why might the men have different takes on who should be blamed (and how they should be punished)? History, home turf

3. The Big Four Woodrow Wilson (US) Clemenceau (France) David Lloyd George (Britain) Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

4. The number you receive corresponds to the role you’ll play in the simulation. 1 – Britain 2 – US 3 - France Then, you’ll need to find a meeting with the other two nations that aren’t you. As a group, you’ll negotiate and decide terms with your sheet to end the war. At the end, we’ll see what sort of treaty the class has written collectively.

5. 1. Open Diplomacy 2. Freedom of Seas 3. Removal of Trade Barriers 4. Reduction of Armaments 5. Impartial Adjustment of Colonial Claims 6. Evacuation of Russia 7. Evacuation and Restoration of Belgium 8. Evacuation of all French Lands, return of Alsace- Lorraine 9. Readjustment of Italy’s Frontiers 10. Self Determination for the former subjects of the Austrian Hungary Empire 11. Evacuation of Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, free access to the sea for Serbia 12. National Self Determination 13. Polish access to the sea 14. A League of Nations

6. Allies demands England “war guilt” clause – Germany responsible for everything France Territorial concessions and reparations – return control of Alsace- Lorraine region Response at Home Wilson’s Domestic Strength Declines Progressive policy unraveling Inflation & control of the economy Republican Congress Negotiations in Paris “the Big Four” The Big Four

7. Wilson’s ‘Brainchild’ Article X Pledged members to consult on military and economic sanctions against aggressors Use of arms a last resort Organization of League Assembly gave every member an equal voice Council made up of Big 5 Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court) Henry Cabot Lodge Republican opposition Meeting of League, 1920

8. Punishments for Germany 1. Country not allowed to maintain army. 2. Returned Alsace-Lorraine region to France 3. Paid $33 billion in reparations (war damages) to Allies. 4. War-guilt clause: Germany entirely responsible for war. Germany initially refused to sign because the treaty did not follow the 14 Points Self Determination Impossible to make boundaries correspond to ethnic divisions Austro-Hungarian empire carved up between Poland, Italy, Romania, and parts became Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia Europe, 1918

9. 1. Country not allowed to maintain army. 2. Returned Alsace- Lorraine region to France 3. Paid $33 billion in reparations (war damages) to Allies. 4. War-guilt clause: Germany entirely responsible for war. Alsace-Lorraine Region, France

10. Opposition in Senate Irreconcilables Refused to allow US to join League under any circumstances (thought domestic reforms would be threatened) Reservationists Wanted to limit US participation in the League Wilson’s Plea to Americans Speaking tour stroke Treaty of Versailles rejected by the Senate Joint Resolutions ended the state of war on October 18, 1921 (under President Harding)

11. Humiliating treatment of Germany kept treaty from ensuring peace. Impossible for Germany to pay reparations, other nations also responsible for war. Fueled WWII Ignored political rights of colonized people. 1937- Members of the Reichstag saluting Adolf Hitler after his denunciation of war-guilt clause

12. http://www.telegraph.co. uk/news/worldnews/eur ope/germany/8029948/F irst-World-War- officially-ends.html