CompTIA A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC By: JEAN ANDREW Computer Maintenance Chapter 6 Component - Part 3: Hard Drive.

CompTIA A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC By: JEAN ANDREW Computer Maintenance Chapter 6 Component - Part 3: Hard Drive

Copyright © 2007 - CIST 2 Objectives After you have completed this lesson, you will be able to: Describe how the organization of data on floppy drives and hard drive Describe hard drive technologies Explain how a computer communicates with a hard drive Identify procedure for installing a hard drive Identify and troubleshoot problems with hard drives and floppy drive

Copyright © 2007 - CIST 3 Scenario In this chapter, you will learn: Learning from Floppy Drive How Hard Drives Work Hard Drive Interface Standard Selecting and Installing a Hard Drive Troubleshooting Hard Drives Hard Drive Hardware Problems Troubleshooting Floppy Drives and Disks

How data is physically stored on a floppy disk Floppy disk drive (FDD) came in two size –5 ¼-inch –3 ½-inch formatted as high density (1.44MB), extra density (2.88MB), and double density (720K Before the data can be written to the disk –It must first be mapped in concentric circle call tracks –Which are divided into segments called sectors –The process of marking tracks and sectors to prepare the disk to receive data is called formatting the disk –There are 80 tracks, or circle on the top and bottom side, the track are numbered from 0 through 79 –Each side of disk has 18 sectors, numbered 1 through 18 –Data is written to and read from the disk via a magnetic read/write head mechanism Copyright © 2007 - CIST 5

How data is logically stored on a floppy disk A floppy drive is always formatted using the FAT12 file system Using the FAT file system, a cluster, sometimes called a file allocation unit Cluster is a group of sectors that is the smallest unit on a disk that OS uses to hold a file or a portion of a file. The BIOS manages the disk as physical sectors, but the OS considers the disk only a long list of clusters that can be hold a fixed amount of data. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 7

How a floppy disk is formatted Format a floppy disk, the following are created: –Tracks and sector –The boot record. The first sector on the disk, called the boot sector or boot record, contains the information about the disk –Two copies of the file allocation table (FAT). Because the width of each entry in the FAT is 12 bits, the FAT on a floppy disk is called a 12-bit FAT, or FAT12. –The root directory. The root directory contains a fixed numbers of rows to accommodate a predetermined number of files and subdirectories. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 9

How to install a floppy drive 1. Turn off the computer, unplug the power cord, and remove the cover 2. Unplug the power cable and data cable from the old floppy drive 3. Unscrew and dismount the drive 4. Slide the new drive into the bay. Screw the drive down with the same screw 5. Connect the floppy drive data cable to the motherboard. Align the edge color of the ribbon cable with pin 1 on the motherboard connectors. 6. Connect the data cable and power cable to drive 7. Replace the cover, turn on the computer, and enter the CMOS to verify the drive is recognized Copyright © 2007 - CIST 10

How Hard Drive Work Head The top or bottom surface of one platter on a hard drive. Each platter has two heads. Hard drive controller The firmware that controls access to a hard drive contained on a circuit board mounted on or inside the hard drive housing. Older hard drives used firmware on a controller card that connected to the drive by way of two cables, one for data and one for control. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 13

Low-Level Formatting Low-level formatting A process (usually performed at the factory) that electronically creates the hard drive tracks and sectors and tests for bad spots on the disk surface. High-level formatting Formatting performed by means of the DOS or Windows Format program (for example, FORMAT C:/S creates the boot record, FAT, and root directory on drive C and makes the drive bootable). Also called OS formatting. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 15

Calculating Drive Capacity on older Drives In early 1990s, hard drive used a constant number of sectors per track and measure was straight forward If you know number of tracks, heads, and sector per track, you can calculate the storage capacity Copyright © 2007 - CIST 16

The ATA Interface Standards The ATA interface standards define how hard drives and other drives such as CD, DVD, tap, and Zip Drives interface with a computer system. The standard define how the drive controller communicate with the BIOS, the chipset, and OS The standards also define the type of connectors used by the drive and the motherboard or expansion cards. The ATA interface standard control data speeds and transfer methods and are developed by Technical Committee T13 and published by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Table 8-1 Copyright © 2007 - CIST 18

Parallel ATA or EIDE Cabling Parallel ATA, also called the EIDE (Enhanced IDE) standard Parallel ATA applies to other drives besides hard drives, including CD drives, Zip drives, tape drives, and so forth. An EIDE drive such as a CD, DVD, tape, or Zip drive must follow the ATAPI (Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface) standard to connect to a system using an EIDE connector. Under parallel ATA, two types of ribbon cables are used, 80 and 40 conductor IDE cable The maximum length of both cable is 18 inches. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 19

Serial ATA Cabling SATA standard developed by a consortium of manufacturers, called the Serial ATA International Organization led by Intel Current transfer speed is 150 MB/Sec Serial ATA drives uses a serial ATA cable. The latest SATA standard allows for external drives and is called external SATA (eSATA) An internal serial ATA cable can be up to 1 m length, has 7 pins If your motherboard does not have a serial ATA connector or not enough you can purchase an expansion card to provide both internal or external serial ATA connector for drives. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 20 Figure 8-19

The ATA Interface Standards DMA or PIO transfer modes –A hard drive used one of these two methods to transfer data between HDD and memory Independent device timing Breaking the 137 barrier –In 2002, the ATA/ATAPI-6 was published, it support drives larger than 137 GB. –The new ATA/ATAPI-6 allow 48 bits for the address, increasing the addressable space on the drive up to 144 petabytes (144,000,000,000,000,000 bytes) –For the system to support drives larger than 137 BG, the system BIOS, the ATA controller (sometime called IDE controller), and the hard drive must all support the standard. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 21

The ATA Interface Standards Configuring parallel and serial ATA drives in a system –Primary IDE channel, master device –Primary IDE channel, slave device –Secondary IDE channel, master device –Secondary IDE channel, slave device –Use the blue end to connect the motherboard; use the black end to connect to the drive. The grey color for the second drive. Note: when installing a HDD on the same channel with ATAPI drive such as CD-ROM drive always, make hard drive, the master, and the ATAPI drive the slave. s Copyright © 2007 - CIST 22 Figure 8-23, 24

The ATA Interface Standards Using an ATA controller card –You may use ATA controller card in two situation: 1. The motherboard IDE connectors are not functioning 2. The motherboard does not support an ATA standard you want to implement (such as large-capacity drive). For example, suppose your older motherboard supports ATA/100, but your hard drive uses ATA/133. You can purchase a controller card such as the one by Belkin (www.belkin.com), this card use a PCI slot, provides two 40-pins parallel IDE connections, and supports ATA/133 and previous ATA standards.www.belkin.com So the entire system collectively can support up to eight parallel ATA drives when you use the card. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 23 Figure 8-26Figure 8-27

SCSI Technology SCSI pronounced “scuzzy” : Small Computer System Interface SCSI is a standard for communication between a subsystem of peripheral devices and the system bus. The SCSI bus can support up to 7 or 15 devices Better performance and expansion capabilities for many internal and external devices, like CD-ROM drive, DVD drive, printers, and scanners. SCSI tend to be faster, more expensive, more difficult to install The SCSI bus controller can be an expansion card called a host adapter or can be embedded on the motherboard. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 24

The SCSI subsystem All devices go through the host adapter to communicate with the CPU or directly with each other without involving the CPU Each device on the bus is assigned a number from 0 to 15 by mean of DIP switches, dials on the devices, or software setting The SCSI ID identifies the physical device, which can have several logical devices embedded in it. –For example, a CD-ROM jukebox—a CD-ROM changer with trays for multiple CDs— might have seven trays. Each tray is consider a logical device and is assigned a Logical Unit Number (LUN), such as 1 to 7 or 0 to 6. For instance, if the SCSI is 5, the fourth tray in the jukebox is device 5:4. To reduce the amount of electrical “noise”, or interference, on a SCSI cable, each end of the SCSI chain has a terminating resistor. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 26

Various SCSI standard SCSI standards are developed by the SCSI T10 Technical Committee (www.t10.org)www.t10.org The three major versions of SCSI are SCSI-1, SCSI-2, SCSI-3, commonly known as Regular SCSI, Fast SCSI, and Ultra SCSI. The latest SCSI standard, serial SCSI, also called serial attached SCSI (SAS), allows for more than 15 devices on a single SCSI chain For more information about serial SCSI, see the SCSI trade Association’s Website at www.serialattachedscsi.com.www.serialattachedscsi.com Copyright © 2007 - CIST 27

Other Interface Standards Other than ATA and SCSI, some other technologies used by hard drive are USB, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and Fibre Channel, which can all be used by external hard drives. USB (universal serial bus) –USB 2.0 is fast enough to be used for a hard drive. For example, Maxtor (www.maxtor.com) has a 120-GB external drive.www.maxtor.com –Windows 98SE, Windows Me, and Windows 2000/XP support USB 1.0, and Windows XP supports USB 2.0 IEEE 1394 or FireWire –Use serial transmission of data and is popular for multimedia and home entertainment applications. –For example, SmartDisk, Inc.(www.smartdisk.com)www.smartdisk.com –Windows 98, 2000, and XP support FireWire, but Windows 95 & NT do not Fibre Channel –Is a type of SCSI technology, it is consider for high-end server solutions –One advantage Fibre Channel has over SCSI is it can connect up to 126 devices on a single Fibre Channel bus. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 28

How to select a hard drive When purchasing a hard drive consider the following factors: –The capacity of the drive  Today‘s hard drives for desktop system are in range from 2 to 500GB –The spindle speed  Hard drive for desktop run at 5,400, 7,200, or 10,000 RPM  The most common are 5,400 and 7,200 RPM  7,200 RPM drives are faster, make more noise, put off more heat, and more expensive than 5,400 RPM drives –The technology standard  Most likely, the hard drive standard you’ll want to select is Ultra ATA/100, Ultra ATA/133, or Serial ATA 150 –The cache or buffer size  Look for a 2-MB or 8-MB cache (also call a buffer) –The average seek time  Look for 13 to 8.5 ms (milliseconds). The lower the number, the higher the drive performance and cost. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 30

Installation using legacy BIOS Before installing a new hard drive, know the hard drive standards the BIOS on your motherboard supports. –CHS (cylinder, head, sector) mode or normal mode used for drive less than 528 MB. –Large mode or ECHS mode used for drive between 504 MB and 8.4 GB –33.8 GB limitations. System BIOS on some systems does not recognize a drive larger than 33.8 GB –137 GB limitation. System BIOS doest not support the ATA/ATAPI-6 standard, which makes it unable to recognize drive larger than 137 GB. If you want to install a drive in a system whose BIOS does not support, you have the following choices: –Let the BIOS see the drive as a smaller drive –Upgrade the BIOS –Replace the motherboard –Use software that interface between the older BIOS and the newer drive –Use an ATA controller card to provide the ATA connector and firmware to substitute for motherboard BIOS. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 31

Steps to install a parallel ATA hard drive To install a parallel ATA hard drive, do the following: 1.Prepare for the installation. Prepare the existing computer system for a disassembly, read the documentation, plan the drive configuration, and prepare your work area. 2.Set the jumpers or DIP switches on the drive 3.Physically install the drive inside the computer case, and attach the power cord and data cable 4.Use CMOS setup to verify that autodetect correctly detected the drive 5.If you are installing an OS on the drive, boot fro the Windows setup CD. If the drive is not intended to hold an OS, use the Windows 2000/XP Disk Management utility or the Windows 9x/Me Fdisk and Format command to partition and format the drive. Note: when installing hardware and software, don’t install too many things at once. If something goes wrong, you won’t know what’s causing the problem. Install one device, start the system, and confirm that the new device is working before another. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 32

Serial ATA hard drive installations Serial ATA hard drives are easier to install than parallel ATA drives because there are no jumpers to set on the drive Install the drive in the bay and connect the power –Note: connect if the drive has two power connectors, use only one Read the manual to find out which serial ATA connectors on the board to use first Copyright © 2007 - CIST 35

Problem with hard drive installations If CMOS setup does not recognize a newly installed drive, check the following: –Does your system BIOS recognize large drives? Check CMOS setup. –Has CMOS setup been correctly configured for autodetection? –Are the jumpers on the drive set correctly? –Have the power cord and data cable been properly connected? Verify that the parallel ATA data cable colored edge is connected to pin 1 on the edge connectors of both the motherboard and the drive. –Check the Web site of the drive manufacturer for suggestions, if the above steps don’t solve your problem. Look for diagnostic software that can be download from the Web site and used to check the drive.  Caution: Be certain to turn off the machine before doing anything inside! Not doing so can be costly error. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 37

How to approach a hard drive problem Start with the end user When an end user bring a problem to you, begin troubleshooting process by interviewing the user. You might include the following questions: –Can you describe the problem and shown me how to reproduce it? –Was the computer recently moved? –Was any new hardware or software recently installed? –Was any software recently reconfigured or upgraded? –Did someone else use your computer recently? –Does the computer have a history of similar problems? –Is there important data on the drive that is not backed up? –Can you show me how to reproduce the problem? After you gather this basic information, you can prioritize what to do and begin diagnosing and addressing the hard drive problem. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 38

How to approach a hard drive problem Prioritize what you have learned –For most users data is the first priority Be aware of available resources Be aware of the resources available to help you resolve a problem: –Product documentation –The Internet –Technical support –Norton Utilities by Symantec (www.symantec.com)www.symantec.com –PartitionMagic by Symantec –SpinRite by Gibson Research (www.grc.com)www.grc.com –GetDataBack by Runtime Software (www.runtime.org)www.runtime.org –Hard drive manufacturer’s diagnostic software Notes: always check compatibility between utility software and the OS with which you plan to use it. One place you can check for compatibility is the service and support section of the software manufacturer’s web site. Copyright © 2007 - CIST 39

Hard Drive Hardware Problems Problem at POST If BIOS cannot find a hard drive at POST, it displays an error message: –Hard drive not found –Fixed disk error –Invalid boot disk –Inaccessible boot device –Numeric error codes in the 1700s or 10400s The reasons BIOS cannot access the drive can be caused by the drive, the data cable, the electrical system, the motherboard, the controller card, or a loose connection. Here are something to do and check: –If BIOS displays numeric error codes during POST, check the Web site of the BIOS manufacturer for explanations –Remove and reattach all drive cables. Check for correct pin 1 orientation –If you’re using a controller card, remove and reseat it or place it in a different slot. –Check the jumper settings on the drive. –Inspect the drive for damage, such as bent pins on the connection for cable Copyright © 2007 - CIST 41

Hard Drive Hardware Problems –Determine if the hard drive is spinning by listening to it or lightly touching the metal drive (with power on) –Check the cable for frayed edges or other damage –Check the installation manual for things you might have overlooked. Look for a section about system setup, and carefully follow all directions that apply. –Be sure the power cable and drive data cable connection are good –Check CMOS setup for errors in the hard drive configuration. If you suspect error an error, set CMOS to default settings, make sure autodetection is turned on, and reboot the system. –Try booting from other media such as Windows XP setup CD. If you can boot from other media, you have proven that the problem is isolated to the hard drive subsystem. –Check the manufacture website for diagnostic software. –If it is not convenient to create a boot CD with hard drive diagnostic software installed, you can move the drive to a working computer and installed it as a second drive. Then you can use the diagnostic software to test the problem drive. –Reconnect or swap the drive cable, reseat or exchange drive adapter card, exchange the hard drive with a known good unit Copyright © 2007 - CIST 42

Hard Drive Hardware Problems Bumps are bad! –The read/write heads get extremely close to the platters –If the head mechanism is damaged –Hard drive having trouble with spinning Invalid drive or drive specification –If you get error message “ Invalid drive or drive specification, “ the system BIOS cannot read the partition table information. Use recovery CD or bootable floppy disk to check the partition table using the Diskpart or Fdisk command. Bad sector errors –Track and sector marking on a drive sometime “fade” off the hard drive over time, which causes “bad sector” errors to crop up. –Do not trust valuable data to drive that has this kind of trouble Copyright © 2007 - CIST 43

Vocabulary 80-conductor IDE cableexternal SATA (eSATA)parallel ATA ANSI (American National Standards Institute) FAT12PIO (Programmed Input/Output transfer mode File allocation unit ATAPI (Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface) floppy disk drive (FDD)read/write head hard drive controllerSCSI (Small Computre System Interface autodetectionhead block modehigh-level formattingSCSI ID boot recordhost adapterserial ATA (SATA) boot sector IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) serial ATA cable clusterLogical Unit Number (LUN) terminating resistor DMA (direct memory access) Low-level formattingzone bit recording Copyright © 2007 - CIST 46

Copyright © 2007 - CIST 47 Summary Today’s floppy disk are 3 ½-inch, high-density disks that hold 1.44 MB of data. A floppy drive data cable has 34 pins and can accommodate one or two floppy drives. Floppy disks are formatted into 80 tracks, each with 18 sectors of 512 bytes. Each cluster hold one sector. The boot record contains information about the organization of data on the disk and the name of the boot loader program (Ntldr or Io.sys) used to make the disk bootable. Most hard drive today use IDE technology, which a complex method of organizing tracks and sectors on the disks. For current system today, the BIOS and the OS use logical block addressing (LBA) to address all the sectors on a hard drive without regard to where these sectors are located. A hard drive is low-level formatted at the factory with tracks and sectors, and high-level formatted using an OS.

Copyright © 2007 - CIST 48 Summary Several ATA standards pertain to hard drives, including parallel ATA, EIDE, Fast ATA, Ultra ATA, Ultra ATA/66, Ultra ATA/100, Ultra ATA/133, and Serial ATA. An IDE device (also called a parallel ATA device) such as a hard drive or CD-ROM drive can be installed as a master drive, slave drive, or single drive on a system. The IDE standards support two IDE connections on a motherboard, a primary and a secondary. Each connection can support up to two EIDE devices for a total of four devices on a system. Parallel ATA or EIDE standards apply to hard drives, CD-ROM drives, tape drives, ZIP drives, and others. Serial ATA (SATA) supports a single serial ATA drive on a data cable connected to a serial ATA connector on a motherboard. External SATA (eSATA) can be used by an external drive. Most BIOS to day can autodetect the presence of a hard drive if the drive is designed to give the information to the BIOS.

Copyright © 2007 - CIST 49 Summary Installing a hard drive include setting jumpers or DIP switches on the drive; physically installing the adapter card, cable, and drive; changing CMOS setup; and partitioning and formatting the drive. You can use an ATA controller card to provide additional ATA connectors in a system to add extra drives or to use newer standards the motherboard does not support. Drive interface standards include ATA, SCSI, USB, FireWire, and Fibre Channel. Protect the drive and the PC against static electricity during installation.

Copyright © 2007 - CIST 50 Quizzes 1. Data cable for hard drive can have ___&___ pins: a. 40 c. 44 b. 80d. 60 2. ATA/ATAPI-6* support speed up to: a. 33.3 MB/secc. 66.6 MB/sec b. 100 MB/secd. 130 MB/sec 3. One Serial ATA cable can connect to ____ drive: a. 1c. 2 b. 3d. 4

Copyright © 2007 - CIST 51 Question Questions? Delivery guide for instructor. Guide to managing and maintaining your PC – sixth edition Video ‘chapter 8/Inside a hard drive’ Video ‘chapter 8/Installing a hard drive’ Video ‘chapter 8/Examining a hard drive’ Video ‘chapter 8/Installing a second hard drive’ and now it’s time to practice

CompTIA A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC By: JEAN ANDREW Computer Maintenance Chapter 6 Component - Part 3: Hard Drive.

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CompTIA A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC By: JEAN ANDREW Computer Maintenance Chapter 6 Component - Part 3: Hard Drive.

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