The Complete A+ Guide to PC Repair 5/e Update Chapter 7 Storage Devices.

The Complete A+ Guide to PC Repair 5/e Update Chapter 7 Storage Devices

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 7 Objectives Install or replace a floppy drive Define and explain fundamental hard drive terminology Compare and contrast IDE and SCSI technologies Install and configure storage devices Troubleshoot storage device problems Perform hard drive preventive maintenance Learn skills for effective communication on the phone

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Floppy Drive Overview The floppy drive allows saving data to disk media. The floppy drive subsystem consists of three main parts −the electronic circuits or the controller −the 34-pin ribbon cable −the floppy drive The electronic circuits give the floppy drive instructions. −The electronic circuits can be built into the motherboard or on an adapter. The floppy cable connects the floppy drive to the electronic circuits.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Floppy Media and Construction Disk or Floppy Disk Write-Protect Window Read/Write Heads A small window in the corner of a floppy disk with a sliding tab to open or close the window. The media inserted in a floppy drive. Responsible for placing the data, the 1s and 0s, onto the disk.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Installation of floppy drives is simple after doing the following preliminary homework. Verify that the following are available: An available drive bay An available power connection A motherboard floppy connector or install an additional adapter A floppy cable 4 1 2 3 Floppy Drive Installation or Replacement

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Attach cable correctly or destroy devices and components Devices, adapters, controlling circuits can be damaged if a cable plugs into the connector the wrong way. Some cables are keyed so they insert only one way into the connector. Most cables that connect to the floppy drive are keyed, but the other end of the cable that connects to the controlling circuits is sometimes not keyed. Tech Tip

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Overview The hard drive subsystem can have up to three parts The hard drive Cables that attach to an adapter or the motherboard Control circuits located on an adapter or the motherboard Control circuits located on an adapter or the motherboard Hard drives are a popular device for storing data.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Components Write and read the 1s and 0s to and from the hard drive surface When a read/write head touches the hard drive platter Concentric circle on a hard drive platter. One corresponding track on all surfaces of a hard drive Read/Write Heads Head Crash TrackCylinder Platters Sector Multiple hard metal surfaces contained in the hard drive Each track is divided into sectors of 512 bytes

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Interfaces Overview There are two major hard drive interfaces. SCSI is most common in network servers and network storage. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Also known as the ATA (AT Attachment) standard. IDE is most common in home/office computers. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Architectures Both parallel architecture and serial architecture used with both IDE and SCSI devices Parallel –Multiple bits sent simultaneously –Requires precise timing as transfer rates increase –Multiple devices on the same bus (2 with PATA) Serial –Point-to-point bus where each device has a single connection back to a controller –One bit at a time –Scales easier –Easier to configure.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. IDE Types PATA (Parallel ATA) –Internal devices –Slower that SATA –Traditionally when people spoke of IDE, it was PATA SATA (Serial ATA) –Internal and external devices –Faster than PATA

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. PATA Cables Two types –40-pin, 40-conductor Older Limited to 18 inches Prone to crosstalk (data from one wire interfering with data in another wire) –40-pin, 80-conductor Limited to 18 inches Required to configure devices as cable select (covered later) Required with the higher transfer rate devices

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. PATA Drive One 40-pin motherboard PATA connector can support up to two PATA devices. −Some cables only have two connectors—one that connects to the motherboard and one that attaches to the PATA device. If a second device is added, a new cable must be purchased.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. A technology used with SATA-PMs that limits the host adapter or port to issuing one command at a time to a single eSATA device. Command -based switching FIS (Frame Info Structure) A technology that allows multiple eSATA devices to perform simultaneous operations. It is a faster technology than command-based switching. SATA

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. SSD Data on SSDs is handled differently than with a hard drive −Write amplification – The minimum amount of storage space affected by a request to write data on a solid state drive. −Wear leveling - The process of writing and erasing data in different memory blocks of SSDs( solid state drives) to prolong the life of the drive. Methods used: Software to track usage and direct write operations Reserved memory bocks to use when a memory block fails A combination of the first two techniques Two main technologies: SLC and MLC −SLC (single-level memory cell) - A cell that stores one bit in a memory cell and is more expensive and longer lasting than an MLC. −MLC (multi-level cell) - A cell that stores more than one bit in a memory cell that is used in a SSD (solid state drive). Contrast with SLC.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) SCSI – (pronounced scuzzy) an interface standard that connects multiple small devices to the same adapter via a SCSI bus. –SCSI bus - shared by all devices that attach to one SCSI adapter. –SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) – SAS devices connect in a point-to-point bus. Used in the enterprise environment where high reliability and high mean time between failures is important.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Storage Device Configuration Overview Configuration of a hard drive usually includes setting jumpers on the drive, terminating properly, and performing a few software commands. Each drive type has a normal configuration method.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. PATA Physical Installation PATA IDE devices (including hard drives) are simpler to configure than parallel SCSI device. The steps for installing a PATA device: −Keep drive in the protective antistatic container until you are ready to install. −Use proper anti-static procedures. Touch the device by the sides Do not handle the electronics or connectors −Turn off the computer power and remove the power cord. −Configure jumpers −Physically mount and secure the device. Attach cables. −Configure BIOS if needed. −If a hard drive, prepare the drive for data as described later in the chapter.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tech Tip Determining which cable select connector to use –When the cable select became a standard with ATA- 5, the master connector (the black connector) is at the end of the cable. –The slave connector (the gray one) is in the middle of the connector –The blue connector attaches to the motherboard.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tech Tip Closed means jumpered or enabled –Storage device documentation varies in how these are shown. –When documentation shows an option as closed, jumpered, or enabled, this means to put a jumper over the two pins to configure the option.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. PATA Installation Motherboards can have multiple PATA connectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary. –The two devices that connect to the cable the connects to the Primary PATA motherboard connector would be known as Primary master and Primary slave. –The two devices that connect to the Secondary connector would be known as Secondary master and Secondary slave.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. SATA Physical Installation SATA drives are easy to install SATA drives do not have any master/slave, cable select, or termination settings. Uses a small 7-pin connector that attaches between the serial ATA controller and the serial ATA drive.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. SCSI ID Configuration and Termination Each device on a SCSI chain, including the SCSI host adapter is assigned a SCSI ID. The priority number assigned to each device connected to a SCSI chain. SCSI ID Helpful in automatically setting SCSI IDs. SCAM (SCSI Configured AutoMatically)

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. SCSI Termination SCSI termination is performed in several different ways –By installing a SIPP –By installing a jumper –By setting a switch –By installing a terminator plug –By installing a pass-through terminator –Through software

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. SCSI Cables Parallel SCSI cabling allows multiple devices to be connected to one SCSI host adapter and share the same SCSI bus. −Most internal SCSI-1 and SCSI-2 cables are 50- pin ribbon cables. They are also known as an A cable. −Internal SCSI-3 cables are 68-pin ribbon cables. When installing multiple SCSI devices, install one device at a time. Always avoid using the cheaper, thinner SCSI cables. They are more susceptible to outside noise.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tech Tip Use only one technology –If an external drive supports more than one technology, such as eSATA, FireWire, and USB, attach only one type of cable from the drive to the computer.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Laptop Storage Devices A laptop normally has a PATA or SATA hard drive installed but could have an SSD instead of or in addition to the hard drive. Two methods are used with hard drives installed in portable computers -Proprietary - the hard drive is installed in a location where it cannot be changed, configured, or moved very easily. -Removable - the hard drive with a laptop is installed or removed through a 44-pin connector.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. System BIOS Configuration for Hard Drives Hard drives are configured through the BIOS Setup program. - IDE hard drives are normally configured using the Auto-Detect feature included with BIOS. This feature automatically determines the drive type for the system. - For SCSI hard drive installation the most common CMOS setting for the hard drive type is type 0 or None.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Preparation Overview Dividing a hard drive so that the computer system sees more than one drive. Process that sets up the file system for use by the computer. Two steps to hard drive preparation

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Partitioning -The first step in preparing a hard drive for use in partitioning. -Partitioning a hard drive divides the drive so the computer system sees the hard drive as more than one drive.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Partitioning Information Disk Administrator- A Windows program that allows testing, configuration, and preventive maintenance on hard drives. −Can also use the diskpart command utility File system – Defines how data is stored on a drive. Examples of file systems include FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, and NTFS. Cluster – The minimum amount of space that one saved file occupies.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Types of Partitions Primary Extended Further subdivided into logical drives Only primary partitions and logical drives get drive letters assigned. System Partition (XP and lower) or System Volume (Vista/7) the active hard drive partition that contains the files needed to load the operating system. Boot Partition (XP and lower) or Boot Volume (Vista/7) – Partition that contains the bulk of the operating system files.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Types of File Systems Even though the file system is actually created during the formatting stage of setting up a hard drive, the type of partition you have, determines the maximum size of the partition as well as the cluster size. The cluster size is also dependent on the SIZE of the partition (not the maximum size).

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. NTFS Partitions and Cluster Size More efficient use of disk space by reduced cluster size for larger partitions Supports disk quotas Higher security available Support file and folder compression Benefits of NTFS partitions

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tech Tip eSATA drives might already be partitioned –Some eSATA drives are already partitioned and formatted. –Others have software that runs when the drive is connected for the first time. –All of them should allow repartitioning and reformatting.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Structure MBR (Master Boot Record) – part of the partition table that contains a program that reads the partition table, looks for the primary partitiion marked as active, and goes to tha tpartion to boot the system.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Windows Logical Disk Management -In the Windows environment, manage storage devices with a snap-in (an installable module) called Logical Disk Management. -With Windows 2000 and higher, there are two types of storage -Basic storage- This is what traditionally has been known as a partition. It is the default method because it is used by all operating systems. -Dynamic storage- Allows you to create primary partitions, logical drives, and dynamic volumes on removable storage devices. More powerful that basic storage.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. necessity Fault Tolerance Allows reading from and writing to multiple hard drives for larger storage areas, better performance, and fault tolerance RAID (Redundant Array of Independent,) Disks Fault Tolerance The ability to continue functioning after a hardware or software failure

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. High-Level Format The last step in preparing a hard drive for use is high-level formatting. A high-level format must be performed on -All primary partitions -Logical drives located within extended partitions -GPT partitions

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. High-Level Format Area of a disk that contains system files. Previously called DBR or DOS boot record, this section of a disk contains information about the system files (the files used to boot the operating system). DBR (DOS boot record) Boot sector A method of organizing a computer’s file system. FAT (file allocation table)

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tech Tip How to change the cluster size –If you want to adjust the cluster size on a partition, you can do it during the high-level format step using the FORMAT command. –The syntax for the command is FORMAT driveletter: /FS:NTFS /A:clustersize where driveletter: is the letter of the partition and clustersize is of the cluster in the partition.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Devices Check the physical settings Check cabling Check drive type setting in BIOS Setup Check all jumper settings Check cable connection(s) Check the power connection Has the drive been partitioned? The following steps assist with checking possible problems.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Devices Has the drive been high-level formatted? Verify that the mounting screw to hold the drive in the case is not too tight Check the hard drive cabling Check termination Check configuration jumpers (cable select, master/slave, SCSI Id) Check the power connection BIOS configuration

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Preventive Maintenance for Hard Drives Keeping the computer system in a clean and cool operating environment extends the life of a hard drive. CHKDSK - A program that locates clusters that are disassociated from the appropriate data files. Lost clusters – Sectors on a disk that the file allocation table cannot associate with any file or directory. Disk Cleanup – A Windows utility that helps free up hard drive space by emptying the Recycle Bin, removing temporary files, removing temporary Internet files, removing offline files and so on.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Data Security As preventative maintenance perform a backup of data and the operating system. The most important part of a computer is the data within it. Traditionally, backups were completed on magnetic tape, but CDs, DVDs, and external drives are viable alternatives today. Thin-client environment – systems in which no hard drive is included and data is stored on the network. This is a new, popular option with many companies.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tech Tip For critical data, keep backups in a different location –Offsite storage for critical data is important even for home users in case of disaster such as flooding, fire, or theft. –A safe deposit box can be used for important data records such as textbooks, income taxes, personal records (insurance policy numbers and financial data).

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Fragmentation Over time, as files are added to a hard drive, the files become fragmented, which means that the clusters that make up the file are not adjacent to one another. In the figure, F1 is one particular file. F2 is a different file.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Fragmentation Fragmentation slows down the hard drive in two ways -The FAT has to keep track of scattered clusters -The hard drive read/write assembly must move to different locations on the drive’s surface to access a single file. Right-click on a drive and select Properties, Tools tab, use the Defragment Now button.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Disk Caching/Virtual Memory An easy way to speed up the hard drive is to create a disk cache. This puts data into RAM where it can be retrieved much faster than if the data is still on the hard drive. A different way of using a hard drive is with virtual memory. Virtual memory is a method of using hard disk space as if it were RAM.

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tech Tip 1 One of the most effective ways to speed up a computer is to reduce the amount of data that has to be swapped from the hard drive to RAM. 2 This is done by increasing the amount of RAM on the motherboard. 3 Accessing RAM is much faster than accessing a mechanical drive that rotates and has heads that have to move and find the drive. Adding more physical RAM to the motherboard helps with caching

© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Soft Skills – Phone Skills - During the normal course of business a technician will use the phone to speak with customers, vendors, and technical support staff. - Phone conversations differ from in-person communication in that when using the phone you only have your words and voice to communicate concepts, professionalism, and technical assistance. - Some tips for when dealing with someone on the phone include: be patient and speak slowly when giving directions, avoid technical jargon, and speak clearly and loudly.

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