1. Differences in Intelligence

2. NATURE (genetic influence) Twins intelligence scores are virtually as similar to those of the same person taking a test twice. Twins intelligence scores are virtually as similar to those of the same person taking a test twice. Identical twins show a greater correlation in intelligence scores than fraternal twins. Identical twins show a greater correlation in intelligence scores than fraternal twins. Brain scans show twins have very similar gray matter volume Brain scans show twins have very similar gray matter volume

3. NURTURE (environmental influence) Malnutrition can influence cognitive development Malnutrition can influence cognitive development Head Start and other programs increase children’s school readiness. Head Start and other programs increase children’s school readiness. Intelligence scores tend to rise during the school year and drop off in the summer months. Argument for year round schooling. Intelligence scores tend to rise during the school year and drop off in the summer months. Argument for year round schooling. Identical twins reared apart have a lower intelligence correlation than those reared together. Identical twins reared apart have a lower intelligence correlation than those reared together.

4. The Flynn Effect Overall intelligence testing has been improving this is called the Flynn Effect (Graph pg. 447) Overall intelligence testing has been improving this is called the Flynn Effect (Graph pg. 447) –The avg. person’s intelligence score 80 years ago is equal to a 76 today. –This trend has been observed in many countries. –What could cause the Flynn effect?

5. The Flynn Effect

6. Explaining the Flynn Effect Better nutrition Better nutrition Better education Better education More stimulating environments More stimulating environments Smaller families Smaller families

7. Nature vs. Nurture Intelligence summary Nature vs. Nurture-Intelligence – YouTube Nature vs. Nurture-Intelligence – YouTube Nature vs. Nurture-Intelligence – YouTube Nature vs. Nurture-Intelligence – YouTube

8. Ethnic Similarities and Differences Genetics research reveals that under the skin, the races are remarkably alike. Genetics research reveals that under the skin, the races are remarkably alike. Individual differences within races are much greater than the differences between races. Individual differences within races are much greater than the differences between races. White and Black infants score equally well on infant intelligence measures. White and Black infants score equally well on infant intelligence measures.

9. Ethnic Similarities and Differences The Disturbing Facts: The Disturbing Facts: –Racial groups differ in their average intelligence scores  Avg. IQ for Whites – 100  Avg. IQ for Blacks – 85  Avg. IQ for other minorities – between 85 and 100 –Although this gap is shrinking slowly, it still persists. –Are these differences due to genetics or the environment?

10. Self –fulfilling prophecies- Gender/race- Stossell Self –fulfilling prophecies- Gender/race- StossellGender/race- StossellGender/race- Stossell Student beliefs about themselves-Black/white doll Student beliefs about themselves-Black/white dollBlack/white dollBlack/white doll experiment and Brown decision. Separate but Equal-pt.1 experiment and Brown decision. Separate but Equal-pt.1 experiment Teacher beliefs about student abilities. The Pygmalion Effect and the Power of Positive Expectations (1 st 3:00) Teacher beliefs about student abilities. The Pygmalion Effect and the Power of Positive Expectations (1 st 3:00)The Pygmalion Effect and the Power of Positive Expectations The Pygmalion Effect and the Power of Positive Expectations Teacher’s unconscious bias when selecting who can take upper level classes. CMS study on 6 th to 12 th grade English scores. Teacher’s unconscious bias when selecting who can take upper level classes. CMS study on 6 th to 12 th grade English scores. Nutrition and scores. Nutrition and scores. In group pressures to not "act white" Uncle Toms. In group pressures to not "act white" Uncle Toms. Environmental Explanations for Gap

11. Environmental Explanations for IQ Gap Prejudice has negative influence on achievement. Prejudice has negative influence on achievement. Ogbu study suggesting that minority groups in all cultures score lower on intelligence tests produced by majority culture. Ogbu study suggesting that minority groups in all cultures score lower on intelligence tests produced by majority culture. Fewer role models. Fewer role models. Less of a perception of school as a means to better life. Less of a perception of school as a means to better life. Fewer family financial concerns. Fewer family financial concerns. (Role of TV films). (Role of TV films). Look at Tom the Dancing Bug Look at Tom the Dancing Bug How Priming Impacts Your Performance How Priming Impacts Your Performance How Priming Impacts Your Performance How Priming Impacts Your Performance

12. Gender Differences Gender differences in intelligence is minor… Gender differences in intelligence is minor… –Girls are better spellers –Girls are more verbally affluent –Girls surpassed boys in memory for picture associations –Girls are sensitive to touch, taste and odor –Girls are better at detecting emotions –Boys outnumber girls in underachievement - More boys in special education classes –Boys are better at math problem solving –Boys spatial ability is superior

13. Stereotype Threat Stereotype threat – a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. (self-fulfilling prophecy) – p. 465 Stereotype threat – a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. (self-fulfilling prophecy) – p. 465 –Ex. Women score higher on math tests when they are not tested alongside of men –Ex. Blacks score higher when tested by a black test administrator rather than a white test administrator

14. Take the Australian and Chitling Tests Take tests Take tests

15. Cultural Bias in testing Is there cultural bias in testing? Is there cultural bias in testing?

16. What is meant by bias? Tests detect differences caused by cultural experiences Tests detect differences caused by cultural experiences –Ex. Question – What is a Tobaggon? –And regional bias –A cup is paired with a saucer or you buy insurance to protect your property –AP Psych 2009 exam driver’s license. Q Why is this bias for someone from Tokyo, Shanghai, Seoul. –If this is the case, are intelligence tests a vehicle for discrimination?- show quotes from original creators of SAT, Stanford-Binet (most influential standardized tests in history

17. Bias in Testing TAKE STANDARDIZED TEST OF QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED DUE TO BIAS. TAKE STANDARDIZED TEST OF QUESTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED DUE TO BIAS. Q. WHY WERE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS CONSIDERED BIAS Q. WHY WERE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS CONSIDERED BIAS ETS (Collegeboard) goes to great lengths to create unbias exams today. Ex.- being on the “rubric” team, roomate from Shaghai China, my selection. ETS (Collegeboard) goes to great lengths to create unbias exams today. Ex.- being on the “rubric” team, roomate from Shaghai China, my selection.

18. Who succeeds on the SAT? Studies show that upper class white male northeasterners tend to perform better than any other group. Why? Studies show that upper class white male northeasterners tend to perform better than any other group. Why? –Test was created by white, upper-class males. – What does being like the test creators have anything to do with your ability to perform well on a test?  High socio economic status vocabulary  Test preparation - $$$  Taking test several times - $$$  Any others?

19. Evidence supporting SAT Bias 1. Females have higher HS GPA’s but males perform better on SAT’s 2. Over 1400 SAT scores (1600 scale): 29% from upper class 29% from upper class 24% from middle class 24% from middle class 14% from lower class 14% from lower class High School performance among these particular students has opposite numbers. High School performance among these particular students has opposite numbers.

20. Wake Forest Ends testing No SATs for Wake Forest University – YouTube No SATs for Wake Forest University – YouTube No SATs for Wake Forest University – YouTube No SATs for Wake Forest University – YouTube Wake Forest example lends doubt to the SATs | McClatchy Wake Forest example lends doubt to the SATs | McClatchy A New Book Argues Against the SAT - NYTimes.com A New Book Argues Against the SAT - NYTimes.com Review Institutional Discrimination and Standardized Testing/ Homogeneous Grouping.