1. Hernia and its related anatomy
Under the supervision of
Dr \Moheb Monier
Anatomy Department

2. Team Members: 91-Esraa Raafat Ahmed Ghanem
92-Esraa Reda Hashem Tawfik
93-Esraa samy Farid Abd Elghaffar
94-Esraa Saad Abbas Hamed
95-Esraa Shawky Abdelhak Abolaban
96-Esraa Sobhi Mohamed Abdelaziz
97-Esraa Sabry Mohamed Ahmed Ali
98-Esraa Taher Elhossieny Farag
100-Esraa Ezzat Afify Sharf

3. Intended Learning outcomes(ILOS):
By the end of this presentatioin you will be able to:
1-Define inguinal canal  2-Know the extenet of it.  3-Enumerate the boundaries 4-Enumerate the contents 5-List some notes about femoral canal .  6- Define henia.  7-Explain causes of hernia  8- List the types of hernia in details.
9-Know symptoms and diagnosis of hernia in male and female.  10-Learn how to manage or treat hernia and how to avoid it

4. Definition of inguinal canal:
It is found within the aponeurosis of the external oblique, immediately above the crest of the pubis, 1 centimeter above and lateral to the pubic tubercle. It has medial and lateral crura. It is at the layer of the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus abdominis.

5. Extent of inguinal canal
1-The superficial inguinal ring (subcutaneous inguinal ring ) is an anatomical structure in the anterior wall of the human abdomen. It is a triangular opening that forms the exit of the inguinal canal. At the other end of the canal, the deep inguinal ring forms the entrance,it is found through fascia transversalis. 2-The surface marking of the deep inguinal ring is classically described as immediately above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament (midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle).

6. Boundaries of the inguinal canal
Floor:
- medial ½ of upper concave surface of inguinal ligament
-the lacunar ligament at the medial end

7. Anterior wall :
- External oblique aponeurosis (along its whole length ) -internal oblique ( in its lateral 1/3 )

8. Roof :
- Arched fleshy fibers of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

9. Posterior wall : From behind forwards
- Fascia transversalis (along its whole length)
Conjoint tendon
( in its medial ½ )
- Reflected part of the inguinal ligament (in its medial ¼ )

10. The content of inguinal canal
The structures which pass through the canal differ between males and females:in males : the spermatic cord and its coverings the ilioinguinal nerve.in females : the round ligament of the uterus the ilioinguinal nerve.

11. Note : that the ilioinguinal nerve passes through the superficial ring to descend into the scrotum in males and labia majora in females, but does not formally run through the canal.

12. Defintion of hernia
Hernia is a general term used to describe a bulge or protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it.
There are many different types of hernias. The most familiar type are those that occur in the abdomen, in which part of the intestines protrude through the abdominal wall. This may occur in different areas and, depending on the location, hernia is given a different name

13. What Causes a Hernia?
muscle weakness
strain

14. Common causes of muscle weakness
-Failure of the abdominal wall to close properly in the womb (congenital defect) -Age - suddenly gaining weight -Damage from injury or surgery

15. Factors that strain your body and may cause a hernia
(especially if your muscles are weak)
pregnancy
heavy weight lifting
Chronic coughing
constipation
ascites

16. Am I At Risk for a Hernia?
Several factors increase your risk of developing a hernia, including:
overweight or obese
smoking
a personal or family history of hernias
(which can trigger a chronic cough)
chronic constipation
a chronic cough

17. Treatment of femoral hernia
1- Femoral hernia: If you feel sudden pain in your groin, a piece of intestine may be stuck in the hernia .This needs treatment right away in a hospital emergency room, and you may need emergency surgery. 1-
Types of surgery:
open 2-

18. Treatmant of inguinal hernia
1-Laparoscopic surgery — In laparoscopic hernia repair, a surgeon makes three small incisions in the abdominal wall and then inflates the abdomen with a harmless gas. The surgeon then inserts a laparoscope through the incisions. A laparoscope is a tube-like instrument with a small video camera and surgical instruments. While viewing the internal scene on a monitor, the surgeon pushes the herniated intestine back into place and repairs the hernia opening with surgical staples.

19. 2-Open Surgery
General anesthesia will be used, so you will not be awake during the surgery. Your surgeon might decide on a local anesthesia if the hernia is small.
The surgeon will make an incision, locate the hernia, and separate it from surrounding tissues. The herniated tissue will be pushed back into place in your abdomen
Stitches will be used to close up the tear or strengthen weak abdominal muscles. Sometimes mesh is attached to strengthen the abdominal tissues and reduce the risk of another hernia

20. How to avoid hernia?
1-Eat high-fiber foods with plenty of whole grains and fruits and vegetables to prevent constipation and straining with bowel movements. Drink plenty of water. Ask a doctor about using a stool softener

21. 2- 3- 4-
Avoid

22. 6-Exercise to strengthen the abdominal muscles.
5-Learn how to lift heavy objects or simply do not lift them at all.
6-Exercise to strengthen the abdominal muscles.

23. References: 1- www.webmd.com. 2- www.hopkinsmedicine.org.3- 4- 5-