1. Acids, Bases and Metals
Junior Science

2. Recognising chemical and physical change
Physical changes are reversible and does not produce a new substance. Changes in state (melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation), and shape are physical changes. Examples of physical changes include bending a piece of wire, melting icebergs, and breaking a bottle
A chemical change makes a substance that wasn't there before.
There may be a colour change, production of bubbles or a change in temperature observed.

3. Chemical reactions - naming reactants & products1b
Chemical reactions - naming reactants & products
A chemical reaction is a process that produces a chemical change to one or more substances.
A chemical reaction will produce a new substance. Chemicals that are used in a chemical reaction are known as reactants. Those that are formed are known as products.

4. Chemical reactions – word equations1b
Chemical reactions – word equations
When products are made in a reaction the name of it is often a combination of the names of the chemicals it is formed from. For example MgCl2 is called magnesium chloride

5. 2a Making Oxygen gas How to test for Oxygen Gas
Put a small amount of Potassium Permanganate (condys crystals) into a boiling tube. (or cold Potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide) BE CAREFUL WITH THESE CHEMICALS and ALWAYS FOLLOW LAB SAFETY RULES
Put a bung with a delivery tube over the boiling tube and put the delivery tube into an upside down test tube to collect any gas.
Heat the tube gently with a Bunsen burner.
Remove delivery tube and place thumb over test tube.
Remove thumb quickly and place a glowing splint into the test tube.
If the splint re-ignites then it is likely the gas produced was oxygen.
Oxygen gas is a molecule formed from two bonded oxygen atoms
Oxygen in the air combines with iron to form rust.

6. 2b Making Hydrogen gas How to test for Hydrogen Gas
Put a small piece of magnesium metal into a test tube with a small amount of dilute sulfuric acid.
Place another test tube upside down over top of the first test tube
Collect the gas in the upside down test-tube.
Place thumb over top of the test tube
Hold a lit match at the mouth of the test tube and remove thumb quickly
If the gas makes a loud ‘pop’ then it is likely that the gas produced is hydrogen.
Hydrogen in Jupiter’s Atmosphere
Rocket fueled by liquid hydrogen

7. 2b
Making Hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas is lighter than air so it will rise to the top of any container.
Hydrogen is very reactive so with the flame as activation energy it will react with the oxygen in the air to form a much more stable water molecule. The difference in energy levels between the reactants (hydrogen and oxygen ) and the products (water) is released as an explosion.

8. Making Carbon Dioxide gas
How to test for Carbon Dioxide Gas
Put a small amount of Sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda) into a boiling tube.
Put a bung with a delivery tube over the boiling tube.
Place the delivery tube into a test-tube filled with clear limewater
Heat the tube gently with a Bunsen burner
Observe the gas bubbling into the limewater.
If the limewater turns cloudy then it is likely that the gas produced is carbon dioxide.
Plant stomata which allows CO2 gas into the leaf

9. Making Carbon Dioxide gas
Carbon Dioxide is a colourless gas and limewater is a solution of calcium hydroxide in water which is also colourless. The carbon dioxide gas reacts with the limewater and changes it into calcium carbonate which is not soluble (can not dissolve) in water and appears as a milky white colour.

10. Acids– their characteristics
Acids are a family of substances which all show acidic characteristics or properties. These properties relate to how the acids react with other chemicals.
They have a sour taste and react with metals.
Acids can be found in nature and called organic acids or manufactured in the laboratory and called mineral acids.

11. Bases – their characteristics
Bases are a family of Chemicals that can remove acid particles (H+) from a solution. They have opposite properties from acids.
Common Household bases include floor clearers and antacid tables to fix indigestion. A Base that dissolve into water are called an alkali. 11

12. Acids reacting with Bases
All acids contain hydrogen. When an acid reacts with a base it donates (gives away) its Hydrogen ion (H+), which is really just a proton, to the base - the electron remains behind. A Base accepts a Hydrogen ion that has been donated from an Acid.
Before the reaction
After the reaction
Acid giving its hydrogen ion to the base
Base accepting the hydrogen ion from the acid
Base with the hydrogen ion added
Acid with the hydrogen ion removed

13. 3b
What is an Alkali
A base that dissolves in water and produces a OH- ion (hydroxide) is known as an alkali. The solution is creates with water is known as alkaline.
Common alkalis are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
The concentration of H+ and OH- ions in a solution determine how acidic or basic it is.
High H+ concentration and low OH- concentration mean the solution is acidic.
Low H+ concentration and high OH- concentration mean the solution is basic.
When the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal then the solution is said to be neutral, neither acidic or basic.

14. Acid and Base definition
Extra for experts
An acid is a molecule or ion that is able to lose, or "donate," a hydrogen ion (proton, H+), and a base is a species with the ability to gain, or "accept," a hydrogen ion (proton).
Na+
Na+
Base
Cl- _ O _ O
Cl- H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
.....donating…..
Cl- H+ _ O
Acid
…accepting….
Na+

15. Common acids - names and formula
Chemical formula
Hydrochloric Acid
HCl
Sulfuric Acid
H2SO4
Nitric Acid
HNO3
Acetic Acid
CH3COOH
React with most metals to form hydrogen gas
Taste sour (like lemons)
Frequently feel "sticky"
Usually gases or liquids

16. Common bases - names and formula
Chemical formula
Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
Ammonia
NH3
Potassium hydroxide
KOH
Feel "slippery". (because your skin dissolves a little when you touch them.)
Taste bitter (like baking soda)
React with oils and greases (used as cleaners)
Frequently solids

17. The difference between strong and weak acids and bases
Extra for experts
You can define acids and bases as being "strong" or "weak". Strong acids are compounds that completely break up in water. All of the H+ ions (protons) break away from the original acid molecule in water. A weak acid only loses some of it’s H+ ions (protons) in water.
For strong bases, all of the H+ ions are accepted from the acids.

18. Understand the difference between strong and weak acids and bases
Extra for experts
Strong Acids
Readily donate all their protons when dissolved
Weak Acids donate only a small proportion of protons
Neutral solution
Weak Bases
Accept only a small proportion of protons
Strong Bases
Readily accept protons
Concentration of H+ ions is greater than that of OH- ions
Concentration of H+ ions is the same as that of OH- ions
Concentration of H+ ions is less than that of OH- ions
Increasing acidity
Increasing alkalinity

19. The pH scale measures level of acidity and alkalinity
The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a substance is. Substances with a pH of 7 are neutral, substances with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline (or 'basic') and substances with a pH lower than 7 are acidic. Remember alkalis are 'bases' that are soluble in water. (All alkalis are bases but not all bases are alkalis.)
The pH of a substance is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions. The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions the lower the pH.

20. 4a The pH scale. Acids have a pH less than 7
Neutral substances have a pH of 7
Alkalis have pH values greater than 7
The pH scale is logarithmic and as a result, each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next higher value. For example, pH 4 is ten times more acidic than pH 5 and 100 times more acidic than pH 6.

21. The pH of common acidic, alkaline and neutral substances.
Pure water is neutral. But when chemicals are mixed with water, the mixture can become either acidic or basic. Examples of acidic substances are vinegar and lemon juice. Lye, milk of magnesia, and ammonia are examples of basic substances
GZ Science Resources 2014
Year 10 Science 2012 21

22. Indicators determine whether substances are acid, base or neutral.
Indicators can be used to determine the pH of a solution by the colour change.
An indicator is a large organic molecule that works like a " colour dye". They respond to a change in the hydrogen ion concentration. Most of the indicators are themselves weak acids.
The most common indicator is found on litmus paper. It is red below pH 4.5 and blue above pH 8.2
Universal Indicator, which is a solution of a mixture of indicators that provide a full range of colours for the pH scale.

23. Red and Blue Litmus paper works as an indicator
Added to…
Blue Litmus
Red litmus
Acid solution
Turns red
Stays red
Base solution
Stays blue
Turns blue
Neutral solution
Blue litmus paper turning red in acid
Red litmus paper turning blue in base

24. Universal Indicator is used to give the pH4b
Universal Indicator is used to give the pH
The Universal Indicator is similar to the Litmus paper in that the acids turn the indicator mostly red and the bases turn the indicator mostly blue.
It does have an advantage over the litmus paper as it shows neutral by having a green colour and also has different colours for weak acids and weak bases.

25. During neutralisation reactions hydrogen ions combine with hydroxide ions to form water molecules.
Sodium Hydroxide pH = 13
Neutralisation is a reaction where an acid reacts with an alkali to form a neutral solution of a salt and water.
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
Universal indicator present in both these species
Sodium Chloride
pH = 7
Hydrochloric Acid pH =1

26. 4c From an acid From a base Neutralisation
During neutralisation reactions hydrogen ions combine with hydroxide ions to form water molecules. 4c
From an acid
From a base
Neutralisation
Water
10 protons
10 electrons
= 0 charge

27. Balanced equations for salt formation
Bases neutralise acids and a salt and water are formed + → +
Base
OH-
H2o H+
Acid
Salt
Example + → +
H2o
HCl
NaOH
NaCl + → +
Hydrochloric
Acid
Sodium
Hydroxide
Sodium
Chloride
Water

28. 5a
Metals
Metals can be distinguished from non-metals by their physical properties; they are strong, dense, shiny solids that can be worked into different shapes. They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

29. The Physical Properties of Metals
Electrical conductivity allow electricity to pass through
State solid liquid or gas
Colour of the substance
Lustre shininess of an object
Ductility drawn into a wire
Density mass of a standard volume
Melting point temp solid turns to liquid
Malleability beaten flat without breaking
Thermal conductivity allowing heat to pass through
Mass amount of matter in an object (kg)
Substances can be distinguished by their different physical properties.
Some groups of substances, such as metals, can show similar physical properties.

30. 5a Metals and non-metals Group Physical properties Chemical properties
>Lustre
>good conductor
>High density
>High melting point
>Malleable and Ductile
>Easily lose electrons
>Corrode easily
Semi-Metals
>Solids
>Can be shiny or dull
>Ductile and malleable
>Conduct heat and energy better than Non Metals but not as good as metals
Non-Metals
>No lustre
>Poor conductor
>Brittle >Not ductile >Low density >Low melting point
>Tend to gain electrons

31. 5b
Metal reactivity
Metals react with other chemicals with varying speed or not at all. Differences in reactivity are shown in the reactivity series of metals.
Reactivity series
Unreactive very reactive
Metals will react faster if they are more reactive – more reactive metals give up their electrons more readily to react with other chemicals
Pt >Au>Ag>Cu>Pb>Sn>Fe>Zn>Al>Mg>Ca>Li>Na>K>Rb>Cs

32. Some metals are more suitable for certain uses than others because of their Physical and Chemical properties 5c
We select appropriate metals which are the most useful for the task or technology they assist with because of their particular characteristics.
Metal
Uses
Property involved
copper
Pipes.
Wires.
cooking pots
Unreactive with air and water
Excellent electrical conductor
good thermal conductor
aluminium
Aircraft frames
wires
Strong light and unreactive
Good conductor and ductile
mercury
thermometers
Expands regularly with heat
lead
Roof flashing
Very malleable
zinc
galvanising
Forms a protective coat
tin
Tin coating
silver
jewellery
Malleable, ductile, unreactive
iron
Car bodies
Structural steel
Forms strong alloys, malleable
Forms strong alloys, flexible

33. Metals form oxides by reaction with oxygen
Metals react with oxygen in the air to produce metal oxides, like magnesium oxide.
Electrons are lost from the metal to form a cation (positive ion) and gained by the oxygen to form an anion – oxide (negative ion). The cation and anion then join together to form a neutral metal oxide.

34. Metals form oxides by reaction with oxygen
Extra for experts
2Mg O → MgO
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium Oxide
12p
+ve
-ve
12p

35. Metals form salts and hydrogen gas when reacting with acid6b
Metals form salts and hydrogen gas when reacting with acid
Acids react with metals to give a salt and hydrogen. Most metals will react with acid – especially if the acid is heated and concentrated O O H Mg S H O O

36. Metals form salts and hydrogen gas when reacting with acid6b
Metals form salts and hydrogen gas when reacting with acid
Extra for experts
Mg H2SO → MgSO H2
Magnesium Sulfuric Magnesium hydrogen
Acid sulfate gas O O
+ve H Mg S H O O
-ve

37. Metal carbonates form salts , water and carbon dioxide gas when reacting with acid
Acids react with Carbonates to give a salt and water and carbon dioxide.
H2SO CaCO → CaSO H2O CO2
sulfuric calcium calcium water carbon
Acid carbonate sulfate dioxide
We can test to see if carbon dioxide has formed by bubbling the gas into another test tube filled with lime water. The lime water will turn cloudy if the gas is carbon dioxide.

38. 6d
Chemical equations
Compounds and elements can react together to form new substances in a chemical reaction. We use a chemical equation to show the substances we start with called reactants, and the substances that are formed called products.

39. Balancing Chemical equations6d
Balancing Chemical equations
Balanced equations must have the same number of atoms on each side of the equation i.e. reactants and products.
2Na H2O = NaOH H2 H H O O H H H H Na Na Na Na O O H H