1. Unit Two - PowerPoint The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

2. Civil War In France (1562-1598)

3. French background 1559 – Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis1559 – Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis –Ends Habsburg-Valois War –Spain triumphs over tired France Francis IFrancis I –Taille (land taxes) to support standing army –Italian Renaissance brought to court Concordat of BolognaConcordat of Bologna –Recognized supremacy of Pope –Fr. Crown can appoint bishops/abbots –De facto state church – no real reformation

4. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End  Henri II was the last powerful Valois  Three weak sons followed:  Francis II (Prots try to kidnap…)  Charles IX (10 yr old momma’s boy)  January Edict: Protestants can worship  Duke of Guise massacres Prots.  Mom won’t help Dutch against Spn.  Henry of Navarre marries sister  Henri III (self loathing homosexual)  Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:  Played both sides in the civil war  Developed a reputation for cruelty

5. Catherine de Medici

6. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

7. The French Civil War  There were two sides:  Guise family led Catholics in North  Bourbon family led Huguenots in South  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Many nobles take Calvinism to oppose monarchy  Catherine feared Protestant revenge of Coligny’s death and convinces Charles IX to kill off threats…  St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  August 24, 1572  20,000 Huguenots were killed  Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

8. St. Bartholomew ’ s Day Massacre

9. The French Civil War  Catherine started supporting the Bourbons. -CL undermine freedom laws -HenryIII attacks/fails…stabbed by friar  Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.  Effects of Civil War:  France was left divided by religion  Royal power had weakened  Valois family now replaced by Bourbons Catholic League Protestant Union CIVIL WAR

10. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

11.  Ended Spanish interference in France  Converted to Catholicism :  Did this to compromise and make peace  Paris is worth a mass.  This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]  Fighting for the royal inheritance  Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:  Granted religious rights to Huguenots  Did not grant religious freedom for all  Assassinated by a radical Catholic Henry IV of France

13. The Netherlands: The “Low Country”

14. The “Dutch” Century It was a political model. A radical attitude towards religion in the country. A certain level of religious toleration. Stable, thriving economy. “Golden Age” of artists and thinkers.  Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in their art.

16. The Spanish Hapsburgs & Europe (1556) Philip II consolidated Hapsburg lands at the end of the 16c.

17. Dutch Society Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries with enough surplus for one year. Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe.  Even women had higher wages. “Protestant work ethic.”  Thrift and frugality. Had the highest standard of living in Europe!

18. View of Doerdrecht Aelbert Cuyp, 1650s

19. Oude Kerk [Old Church], Amsterdam First built in 1300.

20. Interior of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam - Emmanuel De Witt

21. Reformation in Low Countries Calvinism arrived in Dutch territories (Flanders) in 1560’s Elements of Calvinism extremely popular with Dutch merchants King Philip II of Spain launch violent repression – Inquisition Dutch resistance - Beeldenstorm (1566) Military resistance centered on William the Silent (of Orange)

23. The Spanish Netherlands: Union of Utrecht, 1579 The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared their independence.

24. Key Events-Dutch Revolts William of Orange opposes Cardinal Granvelle’s centralized Spanish rule Calvinists/urban artisans plan revolt/ Granvelle leaves (Duke of Alba replaces him) –10,000 march from Milan/executed heretics –10% sales taxes… (Alba out, Don Luis in) Don Luis dies – 7,000 killed in Spanish fury –Pacification of Ghent: territories unite against Spain. Perpetual Edict: Spn. troops must leave Southern provinces=Union of Arras…make peace with Cath. Spain Union of Utrecht is Prot. North…Independence from Spain.

25. The Netherlands (1609)

26. The Night Watch – Rembrandt, 1642

27. Catholic “Hidden” Church in the Attic, Amsterdam, 1630s

28. Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam – Emmanuel De Witte

29. Portrait of an Old Jewish Man Rembrandt, 1654

30. Beware of Luxury – Jan Steen “Genre” Painting

31. Still Life with Gilt Goblet William Heda, 1635 “Genre” Painting

32. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

33. 1618-1648

34.  The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.  At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.  At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.  Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

35.  HRE Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.  The Bohemians (Calvinists) hated him.  Ferdinand revoked some Protestant freedoms  Defenestration of Prague  May, 1618  Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II. (head of the Protestant Union; son of England’s James I) The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

36.  Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor…replaced in Bohemia though  Spain, Bavaria & Lutheran Saxony support him  Victory at White Mountain (1620)  Duke of Bavaria conquers Frederick’s land and more (NW)  The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

37. Bohemian Phase

38.  Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.  Denmark’s Christian IV (Lutheran) invaded for coastal territories, supported by Eng, Fr & Dutch  Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army…Brutal mercenary (Protestant roots)  Wallenstein & Maximilian humiliate Denmark  Edict of Restitution (1629):  Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.  Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.  Unrealistic  German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629

39. Danish Phase

40. Albrecht von Wallenstein

41.  Sweden (Adolphus) invade the empire, supported by Dutch and Richelieu’s France.  Both want to stop Habsburg power.  Gustavus Adolphus is a great general  Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.  Swedish advance was eventually ended  German princes still feared Ferdinand II. - Protestants try to lure Wallenstein  Wallenstein assassinated…fear is reduced  Peace of Prague: German Prots. & HRE -Sweden refuses, French & Dutch support! The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

42. Swedish Phase

43. Gustavus Adolphus

44.  France forces lead the attack & looting -states too weak to resist  All countries in Europe now participated.  This phase was most destructive!  German towns decimated.  Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.  8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]  Caused massive inflation.  Trade was crippled throughout Europe. The French Phase: 1635-1648

45. “A Bust of Cardinal Richelieu” by Bernini Cardinal Richelieu of France…willing to support foreign protestants but not those in his own realm Example of a European politique Pushed for direct French involvement into 30 Years War in order to weaken France’s Hapsburg rival

46. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years ’ War

47.  Political Provisions:  Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor.  The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  so. part remained a Sp. possession.  Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.  Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.  Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.  Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.  Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

48.  Religious Provisions:  Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.  The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

49. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

50. 1688-1700

51.  Many Protestants felt betrayed.  The pope denounced it.  Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!  For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe. Nobody Was Happy!

52. What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years ’ War?