1. 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act Immigration Act of 1882
Restricts all Chinese laborers
Bars Chinese naturalization
Immigration Act of 1882
Specifically made regulation of immigration the duty of the Federal Government (Treasury)
Barred those likely to become public charges

2. Asian Immigration Pre 1882 Chinese immigrants 1882-1907 Japanese
Filipinos
Punjabi Sikhs

3. 1892 Chinese Exclusion Act was renewed, Extended indefinitely in 1902.
Australia excluded Chinese in 1901.
Canada restricted Chinese in 1923.

4. Immigration Act of 1917 Instituted Literacy Requirement
Created “Asiatic Barred Zone”. Barred all immigration from Asia.
Expanded powers of immigration officers to exclude or deport people.
Public Health Service to do screening for diseases.

6. Dillingham Commission
42 Volumes
Recommended restriction of immigration.
Contained a great deal of debate and testimony about the “racial” inferiority of immigrants from Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe

7. Movement to Restrict Immigration
Racial origins of Southern and Western Europeans
Worries about Socialists and Communists
Religious prejudice against Jews and Catholics
Concern about immigrants undermining wages and organized labor
Immigrant advocates advocated a “pause” for assimilation to occur.

8. 1924 Johnson Reed Act
Limited immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere to 154,000 per year.
Created visas, and screening by consuls abroad.
Created Border Patrol
Did not limit the Western Hemisphere
Used 1890 Census Figures to determine national origins quotas

9. 1924 Johnson Reed Act
83% of immigrants were to come from North and West Europe
15% were to come from Southern and Eastern Europe
2% were to come from the rest of the world
Barred all people who were ineligible for citizenship. Asiatic Barred Zone

11. Controlling Immigration
INS created in 1924
In Labor Department until 1942
Laws limiting public charges
Depression: 400,000 Mexicans--”Voluntary Repatriation” 50% of deportees were born in US and thus citizens.

12. Mexicans and Immigration Restriction
Dillingham Commission heard a lot of racist testimony about Mexicans and Southern Central and Eastern Europeans.
Congressman testified:
Illiterate, unclean peonized masses…a mixture of Mediterranean blooded Spanish peasants with low grade Indians who did not fight extinction but submitted and multiplied as serfs. The influx of Mexicans creates the most insidious and general mixture of white, Indian and Negro blood strains ever produced in America.

13. Immigration from Mexico
1848 Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican American War.
United States annexed CA, AZ, NM, CO, TX
Mexican Revolution and economic development created push factor in Mexico.
Border 2000 miles long. History of back and forth movement.
No restrictions except for “public charge” restriction which was used to deport people during the depression

14. Bracero Program 1942-1964 FARM Labor US underwrote travel costs
Guaranteed just and equitable treatment
5 million people came. Meant to be temporary. Many stayed.

15. 1965 Law Hart-Celler Act
Replaced Quotas with Uniform Limit Per Country. Preference System
Limited Western Hemisphere for first time
Came along with Civil Rights Legislation. Introduced by Kennedy. Passed under Johnson.
Principles: Family Reunification. Employment. Refugees.
Unintended Consequences. Asian and Latin American immigration.

16. President Johnson Signing 1965 Law on Liberty Island

17. Intended Consequences
Law was intended to end racial discrimination:
Lyndon Johnson:
This system violates the basic principle of American democracy—the principle that values and rewards each man on the basis of his merit as a man. It has been un-American in the highest sense, because it has been untrue to the faith that brought thousands to these shores even before we were a country
See more at:

18. Unintended Consequences
Lawmakers argued it would not increase numbers of immigrants or the ethnic mix.
Attorney General Robert Kennedy:
I would say for the Asia Pacific Triangle it immigration would be approximately 5,000 Mr.Chairman, after which immigration from that source would virtually disappear; 5,000 immigrants would come the first year, but we do not expect that there would be any great influx after that.

19. Unintended Consequences
Rep. Emanuel Celler
Immigrants from Asia and Africa will have to compete and qualify in order to get in, quantitatively and qualitatively, which, itself will hold the numbers down. There will not be, comparatively, many Asians or Africans entering this country. Since the people of Africa and Asia have very few relatives here, comparatively few could immigrate from those countries because they have no family ties in the US.
August 25, 1965.

20. Unintended Consequences
Senator Edward Kennedy:
The bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs. Feb 10, 1965.

21. Legacies of the Law Created three categories of people
Immigrants (Family/Employment)
Refugees/Asylees
Illegal/Undocumented Immigrants
Family Chain Migration is Unlimited.
Large increase in immigration
Immigration increases from Latin America, Asia and the Caribbean.

22. Immigrant Numbers Peak in 1930 — Still Shrinking by 1970
14.2 Million
This chart depicts the “stock” of immigrants in the U.S. or the foreign-born population from 1850 through 2006.
The foreign-born population at 31.1 million was at an all-time high in Census 2000 and has increased further to more than 35.7 million in (The chart suggests a very rapid increase in the late 1990s, but the true growth trajectory is probably smoother with the rapid change at the end of the decade representing significant improvements in in measurement between the 1990s and Census 2000.)
The sustained rapid growth and high levels of immigration, shown before, have led to the foreign-born population increasing by more than 3.5 time in only three-and-a-half decades.
The percentage of the total population that is foreign-born is about 12 percent in 2006—considerably more than double the 4.7 percent in That said, the 1970 levels are probably the lowest in the history of the country (certainly the lowest since we have data).
The immigrant population of 1970 was largely older and white (survivors of the immigration wave of the early 1900s). In 2006, the immigrants are generally young adults from Latin America and Asia.
This rapid shift in the level and composition of the immigrant population has occurred within the lifetimes of most US adults and may account for some of the recent political concern over immigration.
Source: Decennial censuses for 1850–2000; Current Population Surveys (CPS) for 1994–99 and 2001–06; compiled by the Pew Hispanic Trends.
9.6 Million
Source: Compilation from Decennial Censuses, ;
Pew Hispanic Trends, (Passel, et al. 2013).

23. Immigrant Numbers Grow Rapidly— Doubling by 1990
19.8 Million
14.2 Million
This chart depicts the “stock” of immigrants in the U.S. or the foreign-born population from 1850 through 2006.
The foreign-born population at 31.1 million was at an all-time high in Census 2000 and has increased further to more than 35.7 million in (The chart suggests a very rapid increase in the late 1990s, but the true growth trajectory is probably smoother with the rapid change at the end of the decade representing significant improvements in in measurement between the 1990s and Census 2000.)
The sustained rapid growth and high levels of immigration, shown before, have led to the foreign-born population increasing by more than 3.5 time in only three-and-a-half decades.
The percentage of the total population that is foreign-born is about 12 percent in 2006—considerably more than double the 4.7 percent in That said, the 1970 levels are probably the lowest in the history of the country (certainly the lowest since we have data).
The immigrant population of 1970 was largely older and white (survivors of the immigration wave of the early 1900s). In 2006, the immigrants are generally young adults from Latin America and Asia.
This rapid shift in the level and composition of the immigrant population has occurred within the lifetimes of most US adults and may account for some of the recent political concern over immigration.
Source: Decennial censuses for 1850–2000; Current Population Surveys (CPS) for 1994–99 and 2001–06; compiled by the Pew Hispanic Trends.
9.6 Million
Source: Compilation from Decennial Censuses, ;
Pew Hispanic Trends, (Passel, et al. 2013).

24. Immigrant Numbers Continue Growing — Doubling Again by 2007
40.5 Million
(2007, adj.)
19.8 Million
14.2 Million
This chart depicts the “stock” of immigrants in the U.S. or the foreign-born population from 1850 through 2006.
The foreign-born population at 31.1 million was at an all-time high in Census 2000 and has increased further to more than 35.7 million in (The chart suggests a very rapid increase in the late 1990s, but the true growth trajectory is probably smoother with the rapid change at the end of the decade representing significant improvements in in measurement between the 1990s and Census 2000.)
The sustained rapid growth and high levels of immigration, shown before, have led to the foreign-born population increasing by more than 3.5 time in only three-and-a-half decades.
The percentage of the total population that is foreign-born is about 12 percent in 2006—considerably more than double the 4.7 percent in That said, the 1970 levels are probably the lowest in the history of the country (certainly the lowest since we have data).
The immigrant population of 1970 was largely older and white (survivors of the immigration wave of the early 1900s). In 2006, the immigrants are generally young adults from Latin America and Asia.
This rapid shift in the level and composition of the immigrant population has occurred within the lifetimes of most US adults and may account for some of the recent political concern over immigration.
Source: Decennial censuses for 1850–2000; Current Population Surveys (CPS) for 1994–99 and 2001–06; compiled by the Pew Hispanic Trends.
9.6 Million
Source: Compilation from Decennial Censuses, ;
Pew Hispanic Trends, (Passel, et al. 2013).

25. Refugees 1951 International Law on Refugees
Definition: Someone with a well founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, national origin, political opinion or membership in a particular social group.
Refugees apply from a third country, not their home country, but they are not in the US.
Someone seeking asylum, an asylee, applies after arriving in the United States.
US ratified that law in Refugee Act adopted that international definition as our own.
Refugees get government assistance. Program of resettlement. Legal status.

26. 2011 Refugees 56,384 refugees Burma (30%) Bhutan (27%) Iraq (17%)
Somalia (6%)
Cuba (5%)
Eritrea (4%)
Iran (4%)

27. Refugees
Number set each year according to State Department and world conditions
1970’s 1980’s some years over 200,000
1990’s 2000’s less, peak year 1992 it was 142,000
2000 to 2007 cap was 70,000

30. Asylees 24,988 in 2011 China (29%) Venezuela (7%) Haiti (6%)
Egypt (6%)
Ethiopia (4%)

32. Current Immigration Worldwide cap of 675,000 visas per year.
480,000 for family reunification
140,000 for employment
55,000 for diversity
120,000 for refugees (outside cap)
Per country ceiling of 25,600 visas includes family and non family immigrants. (But immediate family is not included in the numbers adding to the ceiling.).

33. 2009 Statistics 1,130,818 legal immigrants
Estimate: 500,000 undocumented
33.7 million non immigrant arrivals

34. Immigration Categories
2006
Immediate Family 46%
Extended Family 17%
Employment %
Diversity %
Refugees %

35. Current Preference System
FIRST: Priority Workers. Outstanding ability. Managers. Professors. Multinational Executives 40,000
SECOND: Professions holding advanced degrees. 40,000
THIRD: Skilled labor (two years training) 40,000. (5,000 can go to unskilled)
FOURTH: Special immigrants, including ministers. (10,000)
FIFTH: Investors 500,000 to 3 million to invest. Employ 10 workers (10,000)

40. 2006 1, 266,264 people got Legal Permanent Residence (LPR).
(In 2000 it was 841,002)
45.8% were immediate relative of US citizen.
17.5 % came through a family sponsored preference
12.6 % came through an employment preference
17.1% were refugees or asylees
3.5 % won the diversity lottery

41. 2006 Non Immigrant Admissions
33.7 million (not counting Mexicans and Canadians with border cards)
Number of arrivals, not persons.
Temporary admissions 29.9 million (89%)
24.8 million tourists
5 million business
Temporary workers and trainees (incl. spouses and children
1, 709, 953 (5% of total)
Students and their families
1,168,020 (3.5%)

43. Other Nonimmigrant Admissions
Source: bcs.e.8

44. Foreign-Student Arrivals
Number
<
Source: bcs.e.7.4

47. Why Do Americans Care About Undocumented Immigrants?
Why do some Americans feel so strongly about undocumented immigrants?

48. U.S. Undocumented Immigrants
Before 1965 it was not really an issue.
1974 “Discovery” of 4-12 million.
Delphi Method: 8 million.
Apprehensions as main source of data.
1986 IRCA Law
1.75 million people working since 1982
special agricultural workers million

49. Changes in the Debate Bush vs Reagan 1980
Ronald Reagan 1984