1. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Learning Styles and Approaches How is this a predictor of your success in medical school and long- term as a physician? Nancy B. Clark, M.Ed. Director of Medical Informatics Education Learning Styles and Approaches 1

2. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Learning Styles and Approaches What are your characteristics? What do those scores mean? How can you leverage knowing your characteristics to…. – Study efficiently and effectively – Form the most effective study group – Prep for the boards – Select the right specialty Learning Styles and Approaches 2

3. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Goals of Understanding LS Short Term – Self aware – Succeed in med school – Form cohesive, productive study groups – Adapt to new learning situations – Maintain Sanity Long Term – Life long learning – Select right specialty – Work well with healthcare team – Teach students – Educate patients – Clinical competence Learning Styles and Approaches 3

4. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Development -- Piaget Learning Styles and Approaches 4 ToddlerAdult

5. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Adult Learning Theory Adult Learners – Build on their experiences – Accept responsibility for their own learning – Self-directed; typically not dependent on others for direction Learning takes place – in context of a problem to be solved – when questions are answered – the issues are applicable to work/career – when it doesn’t take too much time Learning Styles and Approaches 5 http://www.qotfc.edu.au/resource/?page=65375

6. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Transfer of Learner Control Learning Styles and Approaches 6 Time High Low Control of Learning Faculty Student Doctor Faculty Medical SchoolResidency

7. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Inventory of Learning Styles Learning Styles and Approaches 7 VisualVerbal SensingIntuitive ActiveReflective Sequential Global Felder-Silverman ModelDecision Perception Sensory Reception Organization Weak 1-3 Moderate 5-7 Strong 9-11

8. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Active vs Reflective Tend to retain and understand information best by doing something with it—discussing, applying or explaining it to others. "Let's try it out and see how it works" Like to work in group Sitting through lectures hard Usually Extroverts Prefer to think about it quietly first "Let's think it through first" is reflective learner's response. Reflective learners prefer studying alone Are quiet in group learning situations Usually Introverts Learning Styles and Approaches 8

9. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Active vs Reflective The majority of undergraduate students are Active 83% of college student leaders were active 65% of Phi Beta Kappas were reflective Around 62% med students are Active Majority of university professors are Reflective Learning Styles and Approaches 9

10. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Classes to Date Learning Styles and Approaches 10

11. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Sensing vs Intuitive like learning facts like solving problems by well-established methods (logical) dislike complications and surprises want step-by-step instructions (linear) patient with details (detailed) Like memorizing facts and doing hands-on (procedures) work more practical and careful than intuitors don't like courses with no apparent connection to real world ( concrete ) Learning Styles and Approaches 11

12. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Sensing vs Intuitive prefer discovering possibilities and relationships like innovation and dislike repetition may be better at grasping new concepts often more comfortable than sensors with abstractions ( abstract ) tend to work faster and to be more innovative than sensors don't like "plug-and-chug" courses that involve memorization and routine calculations Learning Styles and Approaches 12

13. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Learning Styles and Approaches 13 See the linkages in knowledge…

14. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Sensing vs Intuitive The majority of undergraduates are Sensing 56% -72% college freshmen Sensing 83% of national merit scholarship finalists were Intuitive 92% of Rhodes Scholars were Intuitive 75% of first year medical students are Sensing* Learning Styles and Approaches 14

15. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Classes to Date Learning Styles and Approaches 15

16. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Visual vs Verbal Visual learners remember best what they see--pictures, diagrams, flow charts, time lines, films, and demonstrations 80% students are visual Verbal learners get more out of words-- written and spoken explanations 20% are verbal Learning Styles and Approaches 16

17. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Classes to Date Learning Styles and Approaches 17

18. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Sensory Reception Preferences Learning Styles and Approaches 18 AuditoryVisual Kinesthetic Reading/Writing

19. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Organization -- Wertheimer Gestalt Theory Learning Styles and Approaches 19 Global Sequential Organization Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 …

20. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Sequential vs Global gain understanding in linear steps, with each step following logically from the previous one follow logical stepwise paths in finding solutions Majority of M1s are sequential Detailed 62% learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and then suddenly "getting it." to solve complex problems quickly or in novel ways, but have difficulty explaining how they did it. Want to see Big picture first. Do not like details. Learning Styles and Approaches 20

21. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Classes to Date Learning Styles and Approaches 21

22. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Personality Inventory -- Jung Myers-Briggs Learning Styles and Approaches 22 Thinking Feeling Judgment Sensing INtuitive Perception Extrovert Introvert Orientation Judging Perceiving Organization

23. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Classes To Date Learning Styles and Approaches 23

24. Learning Styles and Approaches 24

25. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Useful Resource Based on Types Learning Styles and Approaches 25 http://www.ttuhsc.edu/som/success/

26. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Considerations for Specialty Selection Specialty inventories not valid. Lifestyle: call, free time, $, location... Interest Detailed versus global Amount of patient interaction (E vs I) Decision making style (active vs reflective) Seeing results versus long term maintenance Learning Styles and Approaches 26

27. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Learning Styles and Approaches 27

28. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Types and Specialty Selection Women more likely than men to choose primary care. Feeling more likely primary care than Thinking. Intuitive more likely primary care than Sensing. In non-primary care: more male, extraverts and thinking types in surgical subspecialties. Learning Styles and Approaches 28 Stillwell, NA, et al. 2000. Myers-Briggs type and medical specialty choice: a new look at an old question. Teach & Learn Med. 12(1), 14-20.

29. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Hemispheric Dominance Herrmann Learning Styles and Approaches 29 Left Brain Right Brain Holistic/Global Random Intuitive Nonverbal/visual Fantasy oriented processing Creative Linear Sequential Logical Verbal Reality based processing List makers Good spellers

30. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Approach To Learning Learning Styles and Approaches 30

31. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Approach to Learning More predictive of success in medical school than learning styles Three approaches to learning – Surface – Deep – Strategic Learning Styles and Approaches 31 Newble, DI & Entwistle, NJ. (1986) Learning styles and approaches: implications for medical education. Medical Education. (20);162-171.

32. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Surface Approach Predominate Motivation – Passing the course – Fear of failure Intention – Fulfill course requirements by reproduction – Gorge and regurgitate Learning Process – Rote Learning: focus on tasks and pieces of information in isolation – Uses routine procedures and repetition to memorize facts and ideas Outcome – Superficial level of understanding – Substantial knowledge of factual information Learning Styles and Approaches 32 “Is that going to be on the test?”

33. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Deep Approach Predominate Motivation – Interest in subject matter – Career relevance Intention – Reach personal understanding Learning Process – Relates evidence to ideas; details to big picture – Relate new ideas to previous knowledge – Read and study beyond the course requirements Outcomes – Deep level of understanding – Integrated principles with facts – Uses evidence to develop arguments – Excellent problem solving skills – Success in medical school – Excellent physician with honed lifelong learning skills Learning Styles and Approaches 33

34. T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care Strategic Approach Predominate Motivation – Making high grades – Competing with others Intention – To be successful by any means Learning Process – Whatever it takes to make good grades Outcome – Variable level of understanding – Shallow, course specific knowledge – Depth of learning dependent on assessment strategies of courses and course requirements Learning Styles and Approaches 34