1. HYDRAULIC BRAKES By
Abhishek Sharma

2. Braking system
Brake is a device used for slowing ,stopping & controlling the vehicle.
Braking operation based on kinetic energy of vehicle is
to converting into heat, which dissipated into atmosphere.
While driving the vehicle, torque of the engine produces
The tractive effort due to periphery of driving vehicle.
When the brakes are applied it produces negative tractive effort on wheel.
While, this help to slow down an vehicle

3. Main functions of braking system
To stop the vehicle safely in shortest possible distance in case of emergency.
To control the vehicle when it is descending along the hills
To keep the vehicle in desired position after bringing in at rest

4. Types Of Braking system

5. INTRODUCTION HYDRAULIC BRAKES:
The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, to transfer pressure from the controlling unit, which is usually near the operator of the vehicle, to the actual brake mechanism, which is usually at or near the wheel of the vehicle.
HISTORY:
In 1918 Malcolm Lockheed developed a hydraulic brake system.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKES
On the Basis of Method of Actuation
(a) Foot brake (also called service brake) operated by foot pedal.
(b) Hand brake – it is also called parking brake operated by hand.
On the Basis of Mode of Operation
(a) Mechanical brakes
(b) Hydraulic brakes
(c) Air brakes
(d) Vacuum brakes
(e) Electric brakes.
On the Basis of Action on Front or Rear Wheels
(a) Front-wheel brakes
(b) Rear-wheel brakes.
On the Basis of Method of Application of Braking Contact
(a) Internally – expanding brakes
(b) Externally – contracting brakes.

7. HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSYTEM
construction
hydraulic braking system is mainly confined with “brake fluid” this fluid consist of Alcohol,castor oil & glycerin.hydraulic braking system has following components.
master cylinder,brake pedal,wheel cylinder,brake drum,retracting spring,brake shoe etc.

10. PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKING
Hydraulic brakes work on the principle of Pascal’s law which states that “pressure at a point in a fluid is equal in all directions in space”.
According to this law when pressure is applied on a fluid it travels equally in all directions so that uniform braking action is applied on all four wheels.

12. System Basics
Hydraulic actuation allows multiplication of pedal force.
In this system, a 10lb force on the pedal produces 360 lbs of force at the friction surface.

16. CONSTRUCTION

20. CONTD.. Brake pedal or lever A pushrod
A master cylinder assembly containing a piston assembly
Reinforced hydraulic lines
Brake calliper assembly usually consisting of one or two hollow aluminium or chrome-plated steel pistons (called calliper pistons), a set of thermally conductive brake pads and a rotor (also called a brake disc) or drum attached to an axle.
The system is usually filled with a glycol-ether based brake fluid

21. a) MASTER CYLINDER
The master cylinder is the heart of the brake's hydraulic system.
It converts the force exerted on the brake pedal into hydraulic pressure to apply the brakes.
Depressing the brake pedal moves a push rod in the master cylinder. Mounted on the push rod are a pair of pistons (primary and secondary) in tandem (one after the other) that exert force against the fluid in the master cylinder bore.
The pressure created displaces fluid through the various brake circuits and lines to each of the wheels and applies the brakes.
Since brake fluid is incompressible it acts like a liquid linkage between the master cylinder's pistons and the calipers and wheel cylinders.

23. Master Cylinder Diagram

24. Tandem master cylinder

25. if a leak develops in the front brake system:
Piston 1 will move forward until it contacts Piston 2. Force from the brake pedal will be transmitted mechanically through Piston 1 to Piston 2.
Although overall braking performance will be severely compromised, the rear brakes will still be functional provided sufficient pedal travel is available.
The pedal will need to travel further than normal to fully engage the rear brakes. Also, it should be appreciated that trying to stop quickly with just the rear brakes is very tricky because the rear tires will easily reach the point of lock-up

27. If a leak develops in the rear brake system,
Piston 2 will move forward until it contacts the closed end of the master cylinder housing.
Once Piston 2 becomes stationary, pressurization of fluid between the two pistons will apply the front brakes.
Although overall braking performance will be significantly compromised, the front brakes will still be functional provided sufficient pedal travel is available. The pedal will need to travel further than normal to fully engage the front brakes. 

28. b) WHEEL CYLINDER
A wheel cylinder is a component in a drum brake system. It is located in each wheel and is usually at the top, above the shoes.
Its responsibility is to exert force onto the shoes so they can contact the drum and stop the vehicle with friction.

29. The wheel cylinder consists of a cylinder that has two pistons, one on each side.
Each piston has a rubber seal and a shaft that connects the piston with a brake shoe.
When brake pressure is applied, the pistons are forced out pushing the shoes into contact with the drum

31. c) BRAKE SHOES
Brake shoes are made of two pieces of sheet steel welded together.
The friction material is attached to the Lining table either by adhesive bonding or riveting.
The crescent shaped piece is called the Web and contains holes and slots in different shapes for return springs.
All the application force of the wheel cylinder is applied through the web to the lining table and brake lining.
Each brake assembly has two shoes, a primary and secondary. The primary shoe is located toward the front of the vehicle and has the lining positioned differently than the secondary shoe

33. d) BRAKE DRUM
The brake drum is generally made of a special type of cast iron. It is positioned very close to the brake shoe without actually touching it, and rotates with the wheel and axle.
As the lining is pushed against the inner surface of the drum, friction heat can reach as high as 600 °F (316 °C). The brake drum must be:
Accurately balanced.
Sufficiently rigid.
Resistant against wear.
Highly heat-conductive.
Lightweight.

35. e) BRAKE FLUID DOT= Department of Transportation
Brake fluids are used to transfer force into pressure. It works because liquids are incompressible.
Since oils damage rubber seals and hoses in the braking system, brake fluids are not petroleum-based.
Most brake fluids used today are glycol-ether based, but mineral oil and silicone (DOT 5) based fluids are also available.
DOT= Department of Transportation
It is a special type of fluid named SAE-1703J and must meet the following requirements:

36. Characteristics Boiling point:
Brake fluid is subjected to very high temperatures, especially in the wheel cylinders of drum brakes and disk brake calipers.
It must have a high boiling point to avoid vaporizing in the lines. This vaporization is a problem because vapor is compressible and negates hydraulic fluid transfer of braking force.
Viscosity
For reliable, consistent brake system operation, brake fluid must maintain a constant viscosity under a wide range of temperatures, including extreme cold. This is especially important in systems with an anti-lock braking system (ABS), traction control, and stability control (ESP).

37. Corrosion
Brakes fluids must not corrode the metals used inside components such as calipers, master cylinders, etc.
Compressibility
Brake fluids must maintain a low level of compressibility that remains low, even with varying temperatures.

38. f) BRAKE LINES AND HOSES
The connections between the master cylinder and wheel cylinders are made of copper coated ,tin plated, annealed, steel tubings and flexible hoses.
A flexible hose is made up of alternate layers of rubber and fabric sheets wound over each other. these are used to connect the steering front wheels.

39. OPERATION OF A HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM
as the brake pedal is pressed,
a pushrod exerts force on the piston(s) in the master cylinder causing fluid from the brake fluid reservoir to flow into a pressure chamber which results in an increase in the pressure
This forces fluid through the hydraulic lines toward calipers where it acts upon one or two caliper pistons
The brake caliper piston(s) then apply force to the brake pads. This causes them to be pushed against the spinning rotor, and the friction between the pads and the rotor causes a braking torque to be generated, slowing the vehicle.

41. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKES
Equal braking action on all wheels.
Increased braking force.
Simple in construction.
Low wear rate of brake linings.
Flexibility of brake linings.
Increased mechanical advantage.

42. Disadvantages
Whole braking system fails due to leakage of fluid from brake linings.
Presence of air inside the tubings ruins the whole system.