1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Where did the Industrial Revolution originate?

3. England

4. The Industrial Revolution began with this Revolution.

5. Since the Neolithic Revolution people had to learn how to plant seeds to grow food. They simply did this by scattering seed. In 1701, Jethro Tull invented a machine that pushed seeds deep into the soil in well spaced rows. What was the machine?

6. Seed Drill

7. In England, wealthy farmers began buying land from small farmers, then benefited from the increase in efficiency by farming huge tracts of land. What was this known as?

8. The British Enclosure Movement

9. One of the major industries that was born during the Industrial Revolution was the clothing industry. In 1764, James Hargreaves invented this machine, it could spin 8 or more spools of yarn at a time.

10. Spinning Jenny

11. The Spinning Jenny allowed workers to spin yarn at a much faster pace than using the spinning wheel. Another process that was speeded up was removing seeds from cotton. The machine that made this process faster was this

12. The Cotton Gin

13. Who invented the Cotton Gin?

14. Eli Whitney

15. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin increased the demand in the American South for

16. slaves

17. Before the Industrial Revolution, people made most of their goods by hand, and many of them worked from their homes. Once the industrial Revolution began, many people began working in these

18. Factories

19. With the factories, many people began to move from the country to the cities. What is the population increase in cities known as?

20. urbanization

21. The growth of the city populations led to the opportunity of many types of small businesses to accommodate everybody. This led to an increase in the amount of people that entered this social class

22. The Middle Class

23. Adam Smith’s writings about the benefits of private business, the role of market competition, and entrepreneurial abilities

24. The Wealth of Nations

25. The Wealth of Nations supported an free market economic that includes private ownership of the means of production, creation of goods or services for profit or income, the accumulation of capital, competitive markets, voluntary exchange, and wage labor. What was this economic system called?

26. Capitalism

27. an individual with the drive and ambition to combine land, labor, and capital resources to produce goods or offer services.

28. Entrepreneur or (Enterpriser)

29. One reason that the Industrial Revolution originated was that it was rich in natural resources. What are a couple of the resources in England?

30. Iron and coal

31. Who was the person who was developed an inexpensive process for the mass production of steel?

32. Henry Bessemer

33. Another reason that the Industrial revolution began in England was because of this invention

34. The Steam Engine

35. Who invented the Steam Engine?

36. James Watt

37. The Steam engine would have a major impact on the industrialized world in the ability of people to travel from one place to another. What is this known as?

38. transportation

39. Where did the Industrial Revolution spread to?

40. Europe and the United States

41. Those that entered the middle class saw an increase in their standards of living. However, not all people shared in this. What class of people continued to struggle?

42. The Working class

43. Working conditions in factories were often unsafe. Diseases spread quickly, fires that were broke out were often deadly, pollution was awful. Wages were low also because men had to compete with both women and

44. children

45. Children of working class families often had to get a job to help out their families. They did not have time to play or go here

46. school

47. Back in Europe, the working class decided to start standing up for themselves. They began to demand that changes be made. They wanted better pay, or wages. They wanted fewer hours each day. They wanted better working conditions. They also wanted to be paid if they were hurt on the job. To push for these rights they began to form these

48. Labor Unions

49. If businesses would not meet Labor Union demands for worker rights and increased wages, they would threaten to do this to shut down production

50. strike

51. Labor unions lobbied for the rights of women and children in the workplace. They also wanted the right to be able to negotiate with employers. What are these negotiations known as?

52. Collective bargaining

53. Legislators listened to the working class and made laws limiting child labor and limiting working hours for women. Many women wanted to be treated as citizens as well, they wanted the right to vote. What is the right to vote known as?

54. suffrage

55. A man named Karl Marx became a huge critic of capitalism. He believed the motivating force of capitalism was to exploit the working class. He wrote about this critique in

56. Das Kapital

57. According to Marx, the class struggle in the modern era would become so intense the masses would revolt and bring down this group (aka capitalists).

58. Bourgeoisie

59. What did Marx call the working class?

60. The Proletariat

61. Karl Marx and Frederich Engels wrote about this historic class struggle in which the masses (proletariat) would overthrow the Bourgeoisie in this work

62. The Communist Manifesto (1848)

63. The communist goal was a classless society in which all people were

64. equal

65. Marx described religion as a sort of drug that persuades workers to tolerate their harsh lot in this life in the hope that someday they will gain a “fictional afterlife.” He believed religion was

66. “the opiate of the masses”

67. In the 1860’s he discovered that bacteria was what caused many diseases. He found out that heat could kill bacteria. His ideas helped make milk safer to drink.

68. Louis Pasteur

69. He developed the smallpox vaccination

70. Edward Jenner