1. Before Notes/ reading
Y/N
After Notes/ Reading
A revolution always has a positive outcome
Someone loses power during a revolution
Every revolution is a war
A revolution may result in the birth of a new nation

2. 8.11 B Describe the positive and negative consequences of human modification of physical environment of the United States
8.27A Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, cotton gin and interchangeable parts
8.27B Analyze the impact of transportation and communication systems on the growth, development, and urbanization of the United States

3. Revolution
an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed
a sudden, complete or marked change in something

4. The Industrial Revolution

5. What was it?
the change from an agricultural society to industrial because new factories in the
northeast states
Show video Clip Life before Industrial Revolution

6. When did it happen?
the Industrial Revolution began in the United States around 1800 in the New England states

7. Why did it begin the Northeast?
New England had poor soil for farming
Northeast has many rivers = waterpower for factories
NE had port cities for shipping to other states and across the Atlantic
Subsistence farmers were willing to move to the cities

8. The Industrial Revolution occurred because of…
FREE ENTERPRISE – people are free to buy, sell, own, and produce products as well as work wherever they choose
Which founding father supported an economy based on free enterprise?
The government had few regulations to control the economy

9. The Industrial Revolution required the invention of new machines and technology – which is scientific discoveries that simplify work.
Congress created patents to protect inventors’ new inventions from being copied.
Show video clip the Industrial Revolution comes to America

10. Ultimately, the Industrial Revolution occurred as a combination of the following events:
Rise of the factory system
Use of steam power
Mass production of goods
Industrial
Revolution

11. The Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which was a simple machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton. Farm production increased dramatically.

12. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Cotton became more profitable = an increase in the need for slave labor
Removed seeds from cotton
Show video clip the cotton gin

13. Factories
Factory System – a system bringing manufacturing steps together under one roof or in one place. Most employees were women and children working LONG hours.
Show video factory and the growth of the cities

14. Francis Lowell- opened the Lowell factory in Massachusetts
Francis Lowell- opened the Lowell factory in Massachusetts. Employed mostly young girls to work in difficult conditions for long hours and low wages.
These conditions had an impact on the child labor laws the
U.S. has today.

15. Lowell, Massachusetts in 1850

16. Lowell Mill

17. Lowell Girls Francis Lowell opened the factory
What was their typical “profile”? – young girls, bad conditions, long hours

18. Lowell Boarding Houses
What was boarding house life like?

19. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
Show video factories and the girls

20. New Development – Interchangeable Parts
Interchangeable parts – identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product

21. Importance of Interchangeable parts
Allowed for mass production of a variety of goods
so…
prices were reduced

22. Eli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts
Could build 10 different rifles from these pieces
Show video impact of Interchangeable parts

23. textile industries -factories that produced clothing and cloth items from cotton; located in North

24. Early Textile Loom

25. New England Textile Centers: 1830s
Show video Textile Manufacturing

26. The Cotton Gin’s Impact on Slavery
The demand for southern cotton grew dramatically because of the cotton gin and the increased number of textile mills in the north that needed cotton
more northern textile mills =
more southern slaves!

27. Brief Summary of the Plantation System
Large plantations were comprised of several thousand acres. Plantation owners had slaves to do all the work. Some worked in the house, some were trained as blacksmiths, carpenters, shoe makers, or weavers, and others worked with animals in pastures. However, most worked long hours in the fields.

28. The Cotton Gin Continued…
The cotton gin made it possible to clean cotton faster and less expensively than by hand. This encouraged the planters to raise larger cotton crops which required more slaves.
Therefore. . .

29. higher demand for cotton more textile mills in north
cotton gin =
higher demand for cotton
more textile mills in north
more slaves in south to work
plantations
Which leads to…

30. Regional Specialization
North – industrialization
South – agriculture (cotton and slavery)

31. Farming During the Industrial Revolution
New England farms were small, usually subsistence farms
Western farmers raised pork and cash crops such as corn and wheat.
Southern farmers planted cash crops such as cotton, rice, and tobacco

32. Urbanization Prompted by Industrial Revolution
Growth of factories and trade caused the growth of towns and cities
Locations of factories depended on the geography of the area
Urban = Cities
Rural = Country

33. Five Common Problems of Early Cities
Streets and sidewalks unpaved & animals roaming freely

34. 2. Pollution from
factories

35. 3. No sewers

36. 4. Diseases
easily spread
due to
poor
sanitation

37. 5. Fires spread easily due to close quarters and few fire companies
Show video con: living during the industrial revolution

38. The Census and Population
Census – officially counts the population of the U.S. every 10 years
The first census occurred in 1790 and the population of the United States was nearly 4 million

39. The 1790 Census

40. First Census
Most of the population lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic coast
By 1820, the population reached 10 million with 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains

41. U.S. Population Centers in 1820

42. U.S. Population Centers in 1860

43. Thought Spot Look at the population maps from 1820 and 1860.
What were the U.S. largest cities in 1820?
What were the U.S. largest cities in 1860?

44. Transportation
Because the nation needed good inland roads for travel and for the shipment of goods, private companies built turnpikes or toll roads
Fees paid to use these roads were used for construction and upkeep of the roads
“Pay to use the road!”

45. The National Road was approved by Congress in 1806 that connected the east with the west. The first section opened in 1818, connecting Maryland to western Virginia. Years later, it ended in Illinois. The National Road made the migration of people easier.

46. National Road,

47. Pros & Cons to River Travel
More comfortable than horse & buggy
Get ALL goods on barges & float direction of current
Most rivers ran north & south BUT…most people traveling to the west!
Upstream against current slow

48. Clipper Ships
Moved quickly through waters – “clipped” time off the trip across the Atlantic

49. The Steamboat
Robert Fulton developed the first steamboat in 1807; named “Clermont”
Early steamboats easily blew up because there were no regulations on who could run steamboats and the boilers that created steam had no safety valve to stop overheating and slow pressure
Show video steam power

50. Robert Fulton and the Steamboat
Steamboat Effects:
improved transport goods & people on inland rivers
economic productivity (ship goods – faster, easier, cheaper)
helped river cities grow – St. Louis
The Clermont – 1807

51. Canals Canal – an artificial (man-made) waterway
The first canal was the 363 mile Erie Canal connecting Albany, New York on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York on Lake Erie. It was completed on October 26, 1825.

52. Erie Canal – 1825

53. Canals Continued…
Three results of the increase in canals in the U.S. between 1825 and 1850:
Canals lowered the cost of shipping goods
Brought prosperity (money) to towns along their routes
Helped unite the growing country

54. The
Railroads
Connect
America!

55. 1830  13 miles of track 1850  9000 mi. of RR track 1860  31,000 mi.
The “Iron Horse” 1830
1830  13 miles of track  9000 mi. of RR track  31,000 mi.

56. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Immigrants built the northern railroads
Slaves built the southern railroads

57. Issues Caused by Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution led to some issues regarding the powers of the federal government versus those of the states. The Supreme Court stepped in to help settle these issues.
Video Quiz using notes and vidoes

58. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The state of Maryland imposed a tax on the Second National Bank, hoping the taxes would shut down the federal bank
Why? Federal banks competed with state banks

59. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
James McCulloch was the cashier of the federal bank and refused to pay the tax
Why? Said state legislatures could not tax federal banks
The state of Maryland sued for payment
McCulloch, after losing in state courts, took his argument to the U.S. Supreme Court

60. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
John Marshall was the Chief Justice
Tested the relationship between federal and state law
Does Congress have the power to create a bank
Does Maryland have the right to tax a federal institution

61. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The Court’s Ruling
Yes – Congress has the right charter (create) a national bank
Why? The elastic clause (also called “necessary and proper” clause) of the Constitution gave Congress the right to do whatever is “necessary and proper” to carry out its powers
No – Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank
Why? Federal law trumps state law

62. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Ogden had been granted a monopoly by the state of New York to run a steamboat ferry between New York and New Jersey
Monopoly – the only one licensed to do something
Gibbons had been granted a similar monopoly by the federal government
Two monopolies granted…who has the real right to run the ferry?

63. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Ogden sued in New York and won; Gibbons appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court
Chief Justice John Marshall made the following ruling
Congress had the power to regulate ferry boats crossing the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey
Why? Congress controlled “interstate commerce” (trade between states)
Basically…states controlled business within their state, but once it crossed state lines into another, Congress had the power

64. Thought Spot
Make a comparison of the following Supreme Court Decisions, under the direction of Chief Justice John Marshall, using the information previously discussed and prior knowledge.
Court Case
Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch v. Maryland
Gibbons v. Ogden
Year
 1803
1819 
1824 
Description
How much influence does the Supreme Court have on our nation’s laws?
Can Congress create a national bank and can the state tax the federal government?
Who controls business when two or more states are involved?
Impact
 Judicial review
Yes, Congress can create a bank
No, the state cannot tax the federal govt
 Congress controls “interstate commerce” (trade between two or more states)

65. This Era did not last long, however!
Era of Good Feelings
Era of Good Feelings started with James Monroe’s presidency, after the War of Little to no political conflicts were taking place.
Nationalism is the allegiance or loyalty to your whole nation. This started during the Era of Good Feelings.
This Era did not last long, however!

66. Americans had strong allegiance to the region of the US they lived in – Westerners, Southerners, or Northerners
Leads to problems known as
Sectionalism

67. Sectionalism Disagreements Among North And South
Slavery
Need for tariffs
States’ rights
Internal improvements (paying for the improvements in U.S. transportation systems)

68. Southern Spokesman John C. Calhoun – represented South Carolina
said NO to tariffs –it would raise prices of manufactured goods that South had to buy

69. Northern Spokesman Daniel Webster – represented New Hampshire
said YES to tariffs – protect American industries from foreign competition because foreign goods would cost more $ (buy American!)

70. Western Spokesman Henry Clay – represented Kentucky
Tried to compromise
with both

71. Thought Spot
Create a bridge map relating the spokesmen to the area they represent

72. Monroe Doctrine
While the U.S. would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas, it would oppose any new ones. This set the U.S. up as the “protector of the Western Hemisphere.”
The Monroe Doctrine also enforces what Washington stated in his farewell address – that the U.S. will only be involved in European conflicts if the U.S.’s rights were disrupted.