1. 1 Introduction to Optical Electronics Quantum (Photon) Optics (Ch 12) Resonators (Ch 10) Electromagnetic Optics (Ch 5) Wave Optics (Ch 2 & 3) Ray Optics (Ch 1) Photons & Atoms (Ch 13) Laser Amplifiers (Ch 14) Lasers (Ch 15) Photons in Semiconductors (Ch 16) Semiconductor Photon Detectors (Ch 18) Semiconductor Photon Sources (Ch 17) OpticsPhysicsOptoelectronics

2. 2 Injection Electroluminescence Photon pnpnpn LEDOptical Amplifier Injection Laser

3. 3 Spontaneous Photon Emission electron-hole radiative recombination Emitted photons (rate  ) Injected Carriers (rate R)

4. 4 Spontaneous Emission E EcEc EvEv E1E1 E2E2 k h

5. 5 Rate of Spontaneous Emission Optical Joint Density of States Conduction Band and Valence Band Energy State Probability of fulfilling emission condition Electroluminescence

6. 6 Concentrations of Electrons & Holes Density of States near band edges Electroluminescence Determining Fermi Functions

7. 7

8. 8 f c (E) E k E f v (E) E fv E fc f c (E) E f v (E) E fv E fc k E Quasi-Fermi Levels T = 0 KT > 0 K

9. 9 Exercise 16.1-2:Spectral Density of Injection Electroluminescence Under Weak Injection

10. 10 Spontaneous Emission Spectral Density in Thermal Equilibrium h EgEg r sp ( ) kBTkBT

11. 11 Phenomenological Approach to Diode Lasers taken from Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Larry Coldren & Scott Corzine, John Wiley & Sons, 1995

12. 12 Energy Diagram Heavily Doped p-n Junction Position eV Electron Energy p n +V 0 E fv E fc h

13. 13 Geometrical Aspects of a p-n Junction p n + i _ p n l1l1 A B C

14. 14 Spontaneous Emissions (LED) Figure 2.3 Schematic of LED showing how only a small portion of the generated light reaches a desired detector. taken from Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Larry Coldren & Scott Corzine, John Wiley & Sons, 1995

15. 15 LED Characteristics Internal Photon Flux Output Photon Flux Overall Quantum Efficiency Responsivity

16. 16 Surface-Emitting Lasers taken from Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Larry Coldren & Scott Corzine, John Wiley & Sons, 1995

17. 17 Phenomenological Approach to Diode Lasers taken from Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Larry Coldren & Scott Corzine, John Wiley & Sons, 1995

18. 18 Pumping Semiconductor Laser Amplifier k Thermalization Pump Photon Input Signal Photon Output Signal Photon _ p n + w d l Optical Pumping Electrical Pumping

19. 19 Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers Optical Joint Density of StatesFermi Inversion Factor Gain:

20. 20 Gain Optical Joint Density of States Fermi Inversion Factor Gain: T = 0 T > 0

21. 21 Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers Gain Amplifier Bandwidth Approximate Peak Gain Coefficient Peak Gain Coefficient – Electric Pumping

22. 22 Pumping Semiconductor Injection Laser _ p n + w d l i Cleaved Surface Cleaved Surface

23. 23 Semiconductor Injection Lasers Laser Amplification Feedback Resonator Loss Gain Condition: Laser Threshold

24. 24 Spatial Spread of Laser Light p n l d x p n l d x x Refractive Index x Homostructure Laser Heterostructure Laser

25. 25 Lateral Confinement Structures Heterostructure Lasers taken from Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Larry Coldren & Scott Corzine, John Wiley & Sons, 1995

26. 26 Semiconductor Injection Lasers Photon Flux and Power Steady-State Laser Internal Photon Flux Internal Laser Power Laser Output Photon Flux Laser Output Power

27. 27 Laser Light-Current Curve Strongly Index-Guided Buried-Heterostructure 20406080 4 8 12 16 20 Drive Current I (mA) Output Optical Power P 0 (mW) InGaAsP injected laser ( = 1.3  m)

28. 28 Spatial Distributions of Optical Intensity (1,1)(1,3)(1,2)

29. 29 Diode Laser: Output Power vs Current taken from Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Larry Coldren & Scott Corzine, John Wiley & Sons, 1995