1. 15
Globalization and Terrorism

2. Comparative Criminology
the cross-national study of crime
Globalization
process of social homogenization by which the experiences of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster a standardization of cultural expressions around the world
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3. Comparative Criminology
Globalization of knowledge
The increase in understanding resulting from a sharing of information among cultures

4. Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism
The phenomenon of “culture-centeredness” by which one uses one’s own culture as a benchmark against which to judge all other patterns of behavior
Ethnocentrism can interfere with comparative criminology
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5. Ethnocentrism In some societies, even the study of crime is taboo
Crime rates of different countries are hard to compare because
Differences in definitions of crimes
Diverse crime-reporting practices
Political, social, economic, and other influences on the reporting of statistics to international agencies

6. Transnational Crimes
Transnational crime has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of the early 21st century
Transnational crime ranges from simple fraudulent and phishing schemes perpetrated globally to illegal trafficking in people, human organs, and illicit drugs

7. Human Smuggling and Trafficking
illegal immigration in which an agent is involved for payment to help a person cross a border clandestinely
Trafficking in persons (TIP)
the exploitation of unwilling or unwitting people through force, coercion, threat, or deception
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8. Human Smuggling and Trafficking
Trafficking often includes an element of smuggling and trafficking victims may believe they are being smuggled, not trafficked

9. Human Trafficking
TIP is often an international crime involving crossing borders
Victims can be trafficked within their own country and community

10. Federal Immigration and Trafficking Legislation
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
1924 Immigration Act
1952 Immigration and Nationality Act
2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act
2003 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act
2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act

11. Terrorism
Terrorism
premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience
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12. Terrorism Terrorist acts are criminal
the main distinction between terrorism and criminal act has to do with the offender’s political motivation or social ideology

13. Table 15-4 Characteristics of Terrorism

14. Types of Terrorists Nationalist terrorists Religious terrorists
State-sponsored terrorists
Left-wing terrorists
Right-wing terrorists
Anarchist terrorists

15. Domestic Terrorism Domestic terrorism
unlawful force or violence by a group or an individual who is based and operates entirely within the U.S. and its territories without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the U.S. government or population
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16. Domestic Terrorism
1995 terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City)
Sovereign citizen movement

17. International Terrorism
unlawful force or violence by an individual or group that has a connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, to further political or social objectives
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18. International Terrorism
Most terrorist attacks in 2010 were committed by terrorist organizations using conventional methods

19. Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism
a form of terrorism that makes use of high technology, especially computers and the Internet, for planning and carrying out terrorist attacks
Unlike most common forms of terrorism, which target people and things, cyberterrorism targets the virtual world
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20. Cyberterrorism
President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection
National Infrastructure Protection Center
Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office
Functions transferred to the National Cyber Security Division of the DHS in 2003
GovNet

21. Terrorism and Technology
The technological sophistication of state-sponsored terrorist organizations is increasing
Some terrorist organizations are seeking to obtain WMDs
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22. Terrorism and Technology
Bioterrorism
the intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants

23. The War on Terrorism
The most infamous incident of national terrorism in the United States of America took place on September 11th, 2001.
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24. The War on Terrorism
Three important legislative initiatives resulted during the first years of the G.W. Bush presidency:
The USA PATRIOT Act (2001)
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)
Homeland Security Act (2002)
The National Strategy for Combating Terrorism sets out key goals

25. The USA PATRIOT Act
Designed to fight terrorism but also includes provisions that apply to other types of crime
Led to questions whether the government unfairly expands police powers at the expense of individual rights and civil liberties
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26. The USA PATRIOT Act
The ACLU has pledged to work with the President and law enforcement to ensure civil liberties are not eroded

27. The Department of Homeland Security
Established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002
Charged with protecting the nation’s critical infrastructure against terrorist attack
Director is a member of the Cabinet
Coordinates activities of 22 domestic agencies

28. Terrorism Commissions and Reports
Gilmore Commission
Hart-Rudman Commission and follow-up report
Bremmer Commission
9/11 Commission
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29. Terrorism Commissions and Reports
Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism
Bipartisan Policy Center’s National Security Preparedness Group on evolving nature of terrorism

30. Countering the Terrorist Threat
White House National Strategy for Combating Terrorism
Multipronged initiative aimed at reducing both the threat severity and international reach of international terrorist organizations
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
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31. Countering the Terrorist Threat
Obama’s National Strategy for Counterterrorism
Focus on deterring Islamic-inspired terrorism

32. Foreign Terrorist Organizations
Foreign terrorist organization (FTO)
a foreign organization that engages in terrorist activity that threatens the security of U.S. nationals or the national security of the U.S. and that is so designated by the U.S. Secretary of State
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33. Foreign Terrorist Organizations
Any organization considered for FTO designation must:
Be foreign and engage in terrorist activity
Threaten the security of U.S. nationals or the national security of the U.S.

34. Consequences of FTO Designation
It is unlawful for a person in the U.S. or subject to U.S. jurisdiction to provide funds or material support to an FTO
Representatives, members of FTO who are aliens may be denied visas or kept from entering the U.S.
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35. Consequences of FTO Designation
U.S. financial institutions must block funds of FTOs and their agents and report the blockage to the U.S. Treasury Department

36. Foreign Terrorist Organizations
State Dept. may designate foreign governments as state sponsors of international terrorism
Terrorist Exclusion List
Aliens living in the U.S. who provide material assistance to groups on the list can be deported
Anyone assisting groups on the list can be refused entry into the U.S.
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37. Foreign Terrorist Organizations
Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment
central repository of information on international terrorist identities

38. The Future of Terrorism
Trends in modern terrorism
Trend toward loosely organized, self-financed, international terrorist networks
Trend toward terrorism that is religiously or ideologically motivated
Recent growth of cross-national links among different terrorist organizations
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39. The Future of Terrorism
The proliferation of WMDs is a key concern in the issue of international terrorism