1. DO NOW: Balance the following equation: ___ Cu + ___ N 2  ___ Cu 3 N How many atoms of copper will react with 33.9 L of nitrogen at STP to produce copper(I)nitride?

2. Unit: Gas Laws Introduction Notes

3. After today you will be able to… Explain the factors that affect gas pressure Describe real-world experiences and how they relate to gas pressure, temperature, and volume Convert between variable units of pressure, temperature, and volume Predict the behavior of a gas by changing one of its variables

4. Kinetic Molecular Theory KMT makes three major assumptions about the particles in a gas: they collide with other particles or the walls of their container. 1.Their particles move in a straight line until they collide with other particles or the walls of their container. constant and random. 2.The motion of the particles is constant and random. attractive or repulsive forces among the particles. 3.There are no attractive or repulsive forces among the particles.

5. Kinetic Molecular Theory Four variables are generally used to describe a gas. 1.Pressure (kPa, mmHg, atm) 2.Volume (L or mL) 3.Temperature (always in Kelvin!) 4.Amount (moles)

6. Pressure 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa Use the above conversion factor to convert between different pressure units when working with gas laws!

7. Pressure Conversion Example: How many atm are in 875 kPa? 875 kPax__1 atm__ 101.3 kPa =8.64 atm

8. Pressure Conversion Example: How many atm are in 1285 mm Hg? 1285 mm Hg x __1 atm__ 760 mm Hg =1.691 atm

9. Temperature 0 ⁰C = 273 K Use the above conversion factor to convert between ⁰C and Kelvin when working with gas laws!

10. Temperature Conversion Example: Convert 578 K to ⁰ C. 578 K – 273 = 305 ⁰ C

11. Temperature Conversion Example: Convert 685 ⁰ C to K. 685 ⁰ C + 273 = 958 K

12. Amount (moles) Remember… in order to convert between grams & moles, we look at the periodic table to calculate molar mass!

13. Amount (moles) Conversion Example: How many moles are in 25.0 g of H ₂ O? 25.0 g H₂O x __1 mole__ 18.0 g H₂O =1.39 mol H₂O

14. Amount (moles) Conversion Example: Convert 32.0 g K ₂O to moles. 32.0 g K₂O x __1 mole__ 94.2 g K₂O =0.340 mol K₂O

15. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Effect of adding or removing gas: When the amount of gas in a given volume is increased, pressure increases. When the amount of gas in a given volume is increased, pressure increases. Example: Doubling amount of gas = gas particle 2x Amount of gas, 2x Pressure

16. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure, which means more pressure! More particles means more collisions, which means more pressure! If the number of particles double, pressure doubles. This is a direct relationship: If the number of particles double, pressure doubles.

17. Real-World Application: Whitewater Rafting! The strength and flexibility of the raft are important when you go whitewater rafting. Think about it! The raft must be able to withstand the pressure of the air inside the raft and the force of the rapids below. If the raft is too inflated (too much gas is added) the raft will easily burst. But if not enough gas is added, the raft will not stay afloat!

18. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Effect of changing volume of container: When the volume of a gas is decreased (for a given amount of gas) pressure increases. When the volume of a gas is decreased (for a given amount of gas) pressure increases. Example: Decreasing volume by half = gas particle ½ Volume, 2x Pressure

19. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Particles are closer together in a container Particles are closer together in a container which means more collisions which really means more pressure! If the volume is halved, pressure is doubled and vice-versa. This is an indirect relationship: If the volume is halved, pressure is doubled and vice-versa.

20. Real-World Application: Opening Soda Cans and Bottles Soda cans or bottles are usually opened slowly because we’ve learned that popping them open too fast causes it to fizz up and spill all over the place! When you open the cap, the gas is suddenly able to increase its volume in order to decrease the pressure inside the can. Shaking a carbonated beverage causes the gas bubbles to mix with the soda and before some of the gas can settle out, you’ve got quite the mess now don’t you?

21. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure Effect of changing temperature of a gas: When the temperature of a gas increases the particles have more KE, and pressure increases. When the temperature of a gas increases the particles have more KE, and pressure increases. Example: Doubling temperature = gas particle 298K 596K 2x Temperature, 2x Pressure

22. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure and strike the walls of the container with more force, so the pressure builds. The particles move faster when heated, and strike the walls of the container with more force, so the pressure builds. If the temperature is doubled, pressure is doubled and vice- versa. This is a direct relationship: If the temperature is doubled, pressure is doubled and vice- versa.

23. Real-World Application: Aerosol Cans A gas in a sealed container can generate an enormous amount of pressure when heated. That’s why all labels on aerosol cans say “DO NOT STORE ABOVE 120°F.” Even “empty” aerosol cans still have some gas in them, so they will explode if thrown into a fire. It is also wise to not store cans at temperatures that will freeze the substances in them. Freezing causes the substance to expand and will puncture the can.

24. Questions? Complete WS

25. Your Exit Ticket PRACTICE - To Be Handed in BEFORE You Leave Today! ANSWER AT LEAST 4!!!! 1)Identify all 5 variables involved in the gas laws! Identify all units associated with each variable! 2)Convert 1125 mm Hg to atm. 3)Convert 1.46 atm to kPa. 4)Convert 0.785 atm to mm Hg. 5)Convert 893 kPa to atm. 6) Convert 475 K to ⁰C.