1. Surveillance Society

2. Definition The monitoring of the behavior, activities, or other changing information, usually for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting. Most usually involves observation of individuals or groups by government organizations.

3. Positive? Negative? Surveillance is useful to governments and law enforcement to maintain social control, recognize and monitor threats, and prevent/investigate criminal activity. Civil rights groups are concerned that mass surveillance will result in limited or non- existent political and/or personal freedoms.

4. Types of Surveillance Computer surveillance Telephones Surveillance cameras Social network analysis Biometric surveillance Aerial surveillance Corporate surveillance

5. Types of Surveillance Human operatives Satellite imagery Identification and credentials RFID and geolocation devices RFID tagging Global positioning system Mobile phones Surveillance devices Postal services

6. Computer Surveillance

7. Vast majority of computer surveillance involves monitoring of data and traffic on the Internet. Real-time monitoring by Federal law enforcement agencies. “Trigger” words or phrases Visiting certain types of web sites Communicating with suspicious individuals or groups

8. FBI software - Magic Lantern and CIPAV can be used to gain unauthorized access to data; can be installed physically or remotely vanEck phreaking – reads electromagnetic emanations remotely from computing devices to extract data Pinwale – stores and indexes large numbers of emails of American citizens and foreigners

9. Telephones Widespread official and unofficial wiretapping AT&T and Verizon are paid by the FBI to keep records easily searchable and accessible Speech-to-text software creates machine- readable text from intercepted audio Technology available to US, UK governments to remotely activate microphones in cell phones “Multilateration” of cell phone towers used to collect location data from cell phone use

10. Surveillance Cameras

11. Video cameras used to observe an area Connected to a recording device or IP network Automated software organizes digital video footage into a searchable database Homeland Security grants in US enable cities to install cameras and to connect them to central monitoring center “Golden Shield Project” – US companies install cameras, facial recognition software in China to track individuals. Goal is to have a picture of every person in China in central database.

12. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding research to link cameras to a central monitoring station in a city Identix’s facial recognition software used at Super Bowl 2001 Traffic cameras in DC used for day-to-day monitoring by DC police Trapwire - Closed Circuit TeleVision (CCTV) cameras track people’s movements across city

13. Social Network Analysis Maps of social networks based on data from Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, traffic analysis information from phone call records These maps are “data mined” to extract personal interests, friendships, affiliations, beliefs, thoughts, activities. DARPA, National Security Agency (NSA), Department of Homeland Security (DHS) invest in social network analysis.

14. AT&T’s programming language “Hancock” sifts through databases of phone call and Internet traffic records. Employers report using social networking sites to collect personal data on prospective or current employees.

15. Biometric Surveillance

16. Biometric surveillance measures and analyzes human physical and/or behavioral characteristics for authentication, identification, or screening purposes. Fingerprints, DNA, facial patterns, voice recognition, iris scanning, etc. Some technology can identify a person up to 500 ft. by facial features.

17. Affective computing – computers recognize a person’s emotional state based on analysis of facial expressions, speed of talking, tone and pitch of voice, posture, etc. DNA fingerprinting – analyzes major markers in DNA to produce a match FBI spending $1 billion to build database for people in US. Computers are in underground facility as large as two football fields. Facial thermographs – identify fear, stress

18. Aerial Surveillance

19. Aerial surveillance gathers visual imagery or video from an airborne vehicle. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), helicopter, spy plane, micro-aerial vehicles (MAV), forward-looking infrared devices. DHS testing UAVs to patrol US skies UK building up fleet of UAVs for its police MAVs can carry Tasers for crowd control or as weapons

20. DARPA programs automate much of the aerial surveillance process. Self-piloting UAVs decide who is “suspicious,” monitor them, coordinate with other UAVs, notify human operators in centralized monitoring station AI drones increase area that can be continuously monitored, reducing number of human operators

21. Data Mining and Profiling Data mining – application of statistical techniques to discover relationships within data Assemble data to create a profile, i.e., a picture of patterns and behavior Economic and social transactions create data Web traffic and online purchases also used for profiling

22. Data analysis used by programs such as ADVISE and TALON to determine whether the person is a military, criminal, or political threat ADVISE – Analysis, Dissemination, Visualization, Insight, Semantic Enhancement R&D program authorized by DHS. TALON – Threat and Local Observation Notice, activated after 9/11 by Dept. of Defense; contains info on antiwar groups

23. US is planning 43 “fusion centers”, a national network of surveillance centers in over 30 states Fusion centers will collect, analyze data from drivers’ licensing centers, hospital records, criminal records, school records, credit bureaus, banks, etc. Info will be placed in a centralized database that can be accessed by all centers as well as federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies

24. Corporate Surveillance Monitoring of a person or group’s behavior by a corporation Data usually used for marketing purposes Can be shared with government agencies Google stores identifying information for each web search, scans content of Gmail webmail service to tailor advertising

25. Many US companies monitor e-mail traffic or workers and/or Internet connections Companies use software to block non-work related websites such as offensive sites, game sites, social networking sites, entertainment sites, shopping sites, and sports sites Some companies track keystrokes and time spent at keyboards Infragard – FBI, DHS, corporations have information-sharing partnership

26. Human Operatives Organizations that have enemies who wish to gather information about the groups’ members or activities face the issue of infiltration HUMINT – intelligence gathered by humans rather than by electronic monitoring and data mining

27. Satellite Imagery Local, state, and domestic Federal agencies can access imagery from military intelligence satellites and aircraft sensors These devices can penetrate cloud cover, detect chemical traces, and identify objects in buildings and underground bunkers Real-time video better than still images from Google Earth

28. Identification and Credentials A card containing an identification number Some countries have national ID numbers IDs can be verified by passports, drivers’ licenses, library cards, banking or credit cards Machine-readable data can create an electronic trail

29. RFID and Geolocation Devices

30. a. RFID Tagging Use of very small electronic devices applied or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for identification and tracking using radio waves Some companies tag employees, who are monitored while on job VeriChip (Applied Digital Solutions), injected under skin, stores personal information in “Global VeriChip Subscriber Registry”

31. b. Global Positioning System In US, police have planted hidden GPS tracking devices in people’s vehicles to monitor their movements Some cities require parolees to wear GPS devices to track their movements when they get out of prison

32. c. Mobile Phones Commonly used to collect geolocation data Multilateration – calculates the differences in time for a signal to travel from the cell phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone

33. d. Surveillance Devices “Bugs” are hidden electronic devices used to capture, record, and/or transmit data to a receiving party such as a law enforcement agency COINTELPRO – US domestic intelligence program bugged homes, office, vehicles of political activists, subversives, criminals

34. e. Postal Services Significance of surveillance of postal system decreasing in favor of Internet and telephone surveillance Interception of mail is still option for law enforcement

35. Controversy over Surveillance

36. Support These tools protect society from terrorists and criminals People must become accustomed to having no privacy “If you aren’t doing anything wrong, then you don’t have anything to worry about.”

37. Opposition “As long as we do what we’re told, we have nothing to fear.” Political activists do not want the government to know their names Mass surveillance may make future opposition impossible Most people do have things to hide, e.g., job hunter may not want present employer to know this

38. Opposition: Totalitarianism Fear that society is moving toward a state of mass surveillance “Laying the bricks one at a time for a police state.” Blurring of lines between public and private places Surveillance techniques are not equal, e.g., facial recognition requires no cooperation

39. Opposition: Psychological/Social Effects Creates in people a feeling of always being watched, so they become self-policing The State can control the populace without having to resort to physical force

40. Opposition: Privacy Civil rights groups include Electronic Privacy Information Center, Electronic Frontier Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union Lawsuits include Hepting v. AT&T, EPIC v. Department of Justice The Church Committee investigated domestic intelligence programs such as COINTELPRO

41. Counter-surveillance, Inverse Surveillance, Sousveillance Counter-surveillance – avoiding surveillance or making surveillance difficult Inverse surveillance – reversal of surveillance on other individuals or groups, e.g., citizens photographing police Sousveillance – inverse surveillance, involving the recording by private individuals, rather than government or corporate entities