1. Group 2 EDSGN 100 Section 205 By: Jeb Biernat, Tyler Burkes, Steven Casselberry, & Dillon O’Donnell

2.  Overview  Solutions Considered  Evaluation Process  System Design  Implementation Prospects  Business Opportunities

3.  The task- To develop a sustainable form of wastewater treatment for a Nicaraguan household.  The solution- To design an outdoor composting toilet.

4.  Goal: To clean water to a standard that the environment can handle it  Three stages: Primary: Sedimentation Secondary: Removal of biological content  Trickling filters, activated sludge Tertiary: Nutrient removal/Disinfection  Nitrification (N), chemical precipitation (K), UV/Chlorination [8]

5.  Rural water access: 63% House connections: 27%  Rural Water Sanitation: 34% Sewerage: 0%  Most water utilities in the country are nationally controlled/owned  Very little water/sewer coverage to rural areas Photo Credit Lake Managua [5][6]

6.  Constructed Wetlands  Trickling Filter  Waste Stabilization Pond  UASB  Arborloo  Composting Toilet [3] [4]

7.  Major Criteria: Ease of Construction Cost Maintenance Reuse of Byproducts Water Usage

8.  Simple  Uses no water  Uses no electricity  Cheap to maintain  Odor free if maintained correctly  Produces compost [2]

9.  Microorganisms break down organic material through aerobic respiration Bacteria and fungi break down the material Protozoa and nematodes feed on the bacteria and fungi Millipedes and beetles feed on the protozoa and nematodes  Requirements: Air: the pile must be mixed daily Water: mixture should stay moist Proper C to N ratio: carbon materials (sawdust) must be added to the pile [7]

11.  Toilet located inside Nicaraguan house  Waste composted on site in bins  Compost reused to fertilize gardens

12. Photo Reference

13.  Community/single family compost bins  Toilet would be located outside in an outhouse/inside the house  Toilet for each house  Compost reused for gardens or for agriculture

15.  Toilet Toilet seat - $5.74 15 gallon Drum - $30.00  Sawdust $50/ton  Lumber for Outhouse/composting bins $4.57 per 2 x 6 x 8 Roughly $90 for two 4 x 4 foot composting bins  Total Cost: $180 [1]

16.  Sell the toilets to Nicaraguans  Sell Sawdust as cover material and odor control

19.  [1]www.lowes.comwww.lowes.com  [2] http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/07/green_tips_humanure_com posting.php http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/07/green_tips_humanure_com posting.php  [3] Mara, David Duncan. Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. London: Earthscan, 2004. Print.  [4]http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/PM_Report/Appendix1_Th e_Arborloo_book_a.pdfhttp://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/PM_Report/Appendix1_Th e_Arborloo_book_a.pdf  [5]http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/NIC_wat.pdfhttp://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/NIC_wat.pdf  [6]http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/NIC_san.pdfhttp://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/NIC_san.pdf  [7]http://www.benefits-of- recycling.com/howdoescompostingwork.htmlhttp://www.benefits-of- recycling.com/howdoescompostingwork.html  [8]http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/what_happens_after_the_flus h.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/what_happens_after_the_flus h.pdf