2. LANGUAGE FLASH CARDS

3. REGULAR, IRREGULAR, COMPOUND, COLLECTIVE NOUN FORMS

4. REGULAR NOUNS The regular way to form a plural noun is to add an s (dogs, horses). The plural of some nouns is formed by adding an es (buses, foxes). Also, drop the y, add i and es. Musical terms do not end in es (pianos, silos, altos, sopranos, etc.) Some nouns are the same in the singular and plural (sheep, trout, deer, salmon)

5. IRREGULAR NOUNS Undergoes a spelling change (woman – women; goose – geese)

6. COMPOUND NOUNS Written as one word and is formed by adding s or es (cupfuls, strongboxes) The plural of compound nouns consisting of a noun plus a modifier is formed by making the modified noun plural: sisters-in-law; editors in chief

7. COLLECTIVE NOUNS Name a group. Examples: jury, swarm, staff, team, band, troop, herd, etc. May be either singular or plural depending upon the meaning in the sentence ( will discuss more with S-V agreement)

8. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERB FORMS

9. REGULAR VERBS One that forms its past and past participle by adding d or ed (walk – walked; ease – eased)

10. IRREGULAR VERBS One that forms its past and past participle in some other way than the regular verb ( drink, drank, have drunk; catch, caught, have caught)

11. Singular subjects must AGREE with singular verbs. Plural subjects must AGREE with plural verbs. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT Click for Definition

12. NUMBER A verb must agree with its subject in number (singular – one, plural – more than one) The number of the subject is not changed by intervening phrases or clauses (FLUFF)

13. SINGULAR PRONOUNS Each, either, neither, one, everyone, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everybody, much Neither is in the classroom.

14. PLURAL PRONOUNS Several, few, both, many, others Many are becoming endangered.

15. SINGULAR OR PLURAL PRONOUNS Some, any, none, all, most may be either singular or plural depending on the meaning of the sentence. (LOOK AT THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION!)

16. OTHER RULES TO REMEMBER Singular subjects joined by or or nor generally take a singular verb. When a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees in number with the second one. Be careful with inverted word order (verb comes first). Nouns of amount are generally singular.

17. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in two ways: number and gender. ANTECEDENT: What the pronouns refers to. PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT

18. NUMBER – SINGULAR OR PLURAL GENDER - MASCULINE, FEMININE, or NEUTER Refer to singular and plural pronouns already discussed.

19. Do not shift needlessly from one tense to another. (present participle, past, past participle) SHIFTS IN TENSE

20. 3 cases of personal pronouns: Nominative (subject, PN) Objective (DO, IO, OP) Possessive (shows ownership; never spelled with an apostrophe) PRONOUN CASE

21. HINTS WITH PRONOUNS Drop the noun and leave the pronoun (Tammy and I were studying.) Say pronouns separately (She, Her) and (I, me) are going to the movies.

22. ACTIVE – when the subject does the action PASSIVE – when the action is performed on the subject EFFECTIVE USE OF VOICE

23. HINTS WITH VOICE Passive voice USUALLY has was or were Passive voice will often have by

24. Describes or limits the meaning of another word. MODIFIERS

25. DANGLING MODIFIERS When there is no word that the phrase or clause can modify. Example: Eating my dinner quietly, the explosion made me jump. (There needs to be a noun or pronoun for the modifier to describe.) CORRECT: Eating my dinner, I jumped when I heard the explosion.

26. MISSPLACED MODIFIER The modifier describes the wrong word in the sentence. EXAMPLE: The photographer, soaring over the cliff, took a picture of the eagle. CORRECT: The photographer took a picture of the eagle soaring over the cliff.

27. Learn to appropriately use words that sound or look alike. (A list will be given.) COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

28. Words that create clarity, precision, and vivid description. APPROPRIATE WORD CHOICE

29. TERMS WITH WORD CHOICE CLARITY - clear PRECISION - to the point; measurements; amounts, etc. VIVID DESCRIPTION - details; uses imagery REDUNDANCY - repetitive wording

30. FORMAL LANGUAGE: does not include the use of slang, contractions, 2 nd person pronouns, and jargon; used in reports, textbooks, research papers INFORMAL LANGUAGE: includes the previous items; used in conversations with friends and in friendly letters FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE

31. RUN-ON sentence: When two sentences are not separated at all SENTENCE FRAGMENT: part of a sentence; it does not express a complete thought with a subject and verb COMMA SPLICE: When two sentences are separated by a comma SENTENCE STRUCTURE

32. PARALLEL STRUCTURE: Use the same grammatical form EXAMPLE: I enjoy reading and to exercise. CORRECT: I enjoy reading and exercising. INTERNAL PARALLELISM

33. Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives. Capitalize titles. A direct quote begins with a capital letter. CORRECT USE OF CAPITALIZATION

34. Use commas to separate items in a series. Words used in direct address are set off by commas. Use a comma before and, but, or, nor, for, yet when they join independent clauses. Use commas to set off nonessential elements. Use commas with direct quotations. CORRECT USE OF COMMAS

35. Use a semicolon between independent clauses not joined by and, but, for, or, nor, yet. Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs. Use a semicolon between items in a series if the items contain commas. Use a colon before a list of items (but not after a verb or preposition) CORRECT USE OF SEMICOLON AND COLON

36. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation. Use quotation marks to enclose titles of chapters, articles, short poems, short stories, and songs. (SMALL THINGS) Use underlining for titles of books, periodicals, newspapers, works of art, and ships. (LARGE THINGS) CORRECT USE OF QUOTATION MARKS AND UNDERLINING

37. To form the possessive case of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and s. (Helen’s dress) To form the possessive case of a plural noun, add only the apostrophe. (girls’ hats) EXCEPTION: FOR SOME PLURAL FORMS, ADD AN APOSTROPHE AND S. (men’s hats) Use an apostrophe to show where letters have been omitted in a contraction. (we’ve) CORRECT USE OF APOSTROPHES

38. Paragraphs must contain: introduction (capture the reader’s interest), body (ideas to develop the paragraph) and conclusion (should “round out” the treatment of the topic). TRASITIONAL WORDS: link ideas together is a paragraph; use them appropriately LOGICAL PROGRESSION AND COMPLETENESS OF PARAGRAPHS

39. IF YOU KNOW THESE STANDARDS AND OBJECTIVES AND CAN APPLY THEM, YOU WILL BE SUCCESSFUL IN PASSING THE AHSGE!