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GRAMMAR REVIEW
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PARTS OF SPEECH NAMERS: nouns and pronouns
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Nouns Person Place Thing
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Types of Nouns Proper : Mr. D., Dr. Smith-Jones, Elmira, Brubacher Street, Denmark Common: car, student, building, flower Concrete: desk, food Abstract: hope, disappointment, hunger
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Pronoun Replaces a noun: Personal pronouns: He (third person) might replace Jake (antecedent) she – Jenna it – textbook they – the band I (first person) we You (second person)
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Indefinite pronouns Anybody, anyone, anything Everybody, everything Nobody, nothing Somebody, someone, something Both, few, many, several All, any most, none, some
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Verb The action of the sentence Action (jump, sing) State of being ( am, feel, appear) Can have more than one part: a helper verb and an action verb ( will study) Can link the subject to a modifier She was irritated.
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DESCRIBERS Adjectives Adverbs
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Adjectives Adds to a noun Many people Orange shirt Delicious pizza
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Adverb Adds to a verb, adverb or adjective Walk gracefully Walk very gracefully.
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JOINERS Preposition Conjunction
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Preposition Positioned before a noun to connect it to the sentence Go to the office.
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Conjunction Connects two clauses, phrases or like sentence parts together You need a healthy diet, and you also need exercise.
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Expressers Interjection Expresses emotion Ouch! That hurt. Oh! How lovely! Blimey! I forgot my essay.
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PARTS OF A SENTENCE Subject Predicate Object Phrase Clause
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Subject The someone/something that does something in a sentence; this someone/something in a sentence’s main clause is called the bare subject Who or what the sentence is about The actor in the sentence
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Predicate What the subject is, or what the subject did Everything other than the subject The main verb (the action that the someone/something is doing) in the predicate is called the bare predicate
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Example My best friend plays guitar. Subject predicate.
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Direct Object Receives the action of the main verb
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Indirect Object Receives the direct object
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Example Josh threw the ball to Amanda. Direct object indirect object
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Phrases and Clause Phrase does not have its own subject and verb into the forest Clause has its own subject and verb the children ran
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Example The children ran into the forest. phraseclause
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Phrase A group of words in a sentence that acts grammatically as a part of speech It cannot stand alone as a sentence because it has neither a subject or a predicate
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Main Clause A group of words with a subject and a predicate that contain the main subject and the main verb (bare predicate) of the entire sentence It can be joined to another clause with a coordinating conjunction (remember FANBOYS) or stand alone as a complete sentence
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Subordinate Clause A clause that begins with a subordinate conjunction, making it less important than the main clause in the same sentence It cannot stand alone as a sentence
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Example I went to the dentist because my tooth hurt. Main clause subordinate clause
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Relative Clause A clause that begins with a relative pronoun such as who, that, or which that cannot be separated from the word or phrase it relates to. The student who meets deadlines is successful.
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TYPES OF SENTENCES Simple Compound Complex Compound-complex
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Simple One subject and one verb ( one main clause) John built the house.
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Compound Two or more main clauses I knocked at the door and rang the doorbell, but no one seemed to hear me.
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Complex One main and one or more subordinate clauses When we returned, the fire was out.
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Compound-Complex Two or more main clauses, and one or more subordinate clauses I dropped my napkin, and I spilled my drink while the speaker was proposing a toast.
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